Chapters 17 and 18

Question 1

Cerebrum consists of the:

Answer 1

diencephalon

cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

Cerebral hemispheres

Answer 2

subcortical structures

cerebral cortex

Question 3

Subcortical structures

Answer 3

subcortical white matter

basal ganglia

Question 4

Functions of cerebrum:

Answer 4

perception, voluntary movements, using language and nonverbal communication, understanding spatial relationship, using visual information, making decisions, consciousness, emotions, mind-body interactions and memory - COGNITION

Question 5

Cognition:

Answer 5

the neural processes by which the brain integrates meaningful stimuli, memory, and internal motivations producing perceptional awareness and appropriate behavio

Question 6

Diencephalon

Answer 6

hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

Question 7

Fuctional groups of thalamus

Answer 7

relay nuclei
association nuclei
nonspecific nuclei

Question 8

Relay nuclei

Answer 8

convey information from the sensory systems (except for olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

Question 9

Association nuclei

Answer 9

process emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensation

Question 10

Non specific nuclei

Answer 10

regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention

Question 11

Functions of hypothalamus

Answer 11

Maintaining homeostasis
Eating, reproductive, and defensive behaviors
Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
Regulation of circadian rhythms in concert with other brain regions
Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs

Question 12

Major structure of epithalamus

Answer 12

pineal gland

Question 13

Pineal gland

Answer 13

believed to help regulate circadian rhythms and to influence the secretions of the pituitary gland, adrenal and parathyroid glands, and the islets of Langerhans

Question 14

Subthalamus

Answer 14

Is part of the basal ganglia circuit, which is involved in regulating movement.
Facilitates basal ganglia output nuclei

Question 15

Classifications of subcortical white matter:

Answer 15

Projection fibers
Commissural fibers
Association fibers

Question 16

Projection Fibers

Answer 16

extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, brainstem and thalamu

Question 17

Commissural fibers:

Answer 17

Connect homologous areas of both cerebral hemispheres.

Corpus callosum is the largest group of commissural fibers, linking many areas of the right and left hemispheres

Question 18

Association fibers

Answer 18

Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere.

Short association fibers connect adjacent gyri, whereas the long association fibers connect lobes within one hemisphere

Question 19

Basal ganglia

Answer 19

movements, regulate muscle tone and muscle force

Question 20

Cognitive functions of basal ganglia:

Answer 20

Executive function (goal-directed behavior)
Sustained attention
Ability to change behavior as task requirements change (behavioral flexibility and control loop)
Motivation

Question 21

Most common cortical neurons:

Answer 21

Pyramidal
Fusiform and
Stellate cells

Question 22

Five categories of cerebral cortex

Answer 22

Primary sensory cortex
Secondary sensory cortex
Primary motor cortex
Motor planning area
Association cortex

Question 23

Primary sensory area:

Answer 23

Discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information

Question 24

Secondary sensory cortex:

Answer 24

Performs more complex analysis of sensation

Question 25

Primary motor cortex:

Answer 25

Provides descending control of motor output

Question 26

Motor planning area

Answer 26

organize movements

Question 27

Association cortex:

Answer 27

Controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories

Question 28

Motor planning areas (3):

Answer 28

supplementary motor area premotor area Broca's area

Question 29

Supplementary motor area:

Answer 29

Is important for the initiation of movement, orientation of the eyes and head, and planning bimanual and sequential movements

Question 30

Premotor area

Answer 30

Controls trunk and girdle muscles via the medial upper motor neurons

Question 31

Broca's area:

Answer 31

Is responsible for planning movements of the mouth during speech and the grammatical aspects of language. It is usually in the left hemisphere

Question 32

Association areas:

Answer 32

Dorsolateral Prefontal Cortex Parietotemporal Asso. Cortex Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal Assocs. Cortex

Question 33

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 33

Functions include self-awareness and executive functions | basal ganglia functional loop

Question 34

Executive functions of dorsolateral prefrontal Cortex:

Answer 34

Deciding on a goal Planning how to accomplish the goal Executing a plan Monitoring the execution of the plan

Question 35

Parietotemporal Association Cortex:

Answer 35

Cognitive intelligence | Problem-solving and comprehension of communication and of spatial relationships

Question 36

Ventral and Medial Dorsal prefrontal Association cortex:

Answer 36

impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings

Question 37

Ventral prefrontal association area:

Answer 37

connects with areas that regulate mood (subjective feelings) and affect (observable demeanor)

Question 38

Medial dorsal prefrontal cortex:

Answer 38

perceives other’s emotions and makes assumptions about what other people believe and their intentions

Question 39

Three types of memory:

Answer 39

working declarative procedural

Question 40

Working

Answer 40

temporary storage and manipulation of information

Question 41

Declarative:

Answer 41

facts, events, concepts, and locations

Question 42

Procedural

Answer 42

knowledge of how to do actions and skills | skill, habit, nonconscious memory, or implicit memory

Question 43

Three stages identified for motor learning:

Answer 43

Cognitive Associative Automatic

Question 44

Where does comprehension of spoken language occur?

Answer 44

Wernicke’s area.

Question 45

Broca's area:

Answer 45

left frontal lobe, provides instructions for language output

Question 46

Disorder of primary sensory area:

Answer 46

Loss of Discriminative Sensory Information

Question 47

Disorders of secondary sensory area:

Answer 47

agnosis: asterognosis visual agnosia prosopagnosia

Question 48

Disorder to motor planning area:

Answer 48

apraxia

Question 49

Apraxia:

Answer 49

knowledge of how to perform a skill is lost

Question 50

Constructional apraxia:

Answer 50

Deficit impairs the ability to draw and to arrange objects correctly in space

Question 51

Motor perservation:

Answer 51

uncontrollable repetition of a movement

Question 52

Broca's aphasia:

Answer 52

difficulty expressing oneself using language or symbols

Question 53

Disorders of primary motor cortex

Answer 53

dysarthria

Question 54

Dysarthria

Answer 54

speech disorder resulting from spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking

Question 55

Spastic dysarthria

Answer 55

Is caused by damage to the upper motor neurons. | Is characterized by harsh, awkward speech

Question 56

Flaccid dyarthria:

Answer 56

Is caused by damage to the lower motor neurons (CN IX, X, XII). Is characterized by paresis of speech muscles

Question 57

Disorders of dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex:

Answer 57

causes apathy, lack of goal-directed behavior, difficulty with executive functions: choosing goals, planning, executing plans, and monitoring the execution of a pla

Question 58

Disorder of parietotemporal association area:

Answer 58

Damage to this area in the LEFT hemisphere causes Wernicke’s aphasia. Damage to the same area in the RIGHT hemisphere causes deficits in directing attention, comprehending space and understanding nonverbal communication