chapters 3-5

Question 1

John Calvin

Answer 1

Built upon the ideas of the Protestant Reformation

Question 2

Martin Luther

Answer 2

Led the Protestant Reformation, believed that the Bible alone was the source of God’s word

Question 3

Squanto

Answer 3

Wampanoag who aided pilgrims, he had learned English from his previous captors

Question 4

Massasoit

Answer 4

Wampanoag leader who signed a peace treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621

Question 5

William Bradford

Answer 5

The governor of Plymouth for 30 years. He worried that non-Puritan settlers might corrupt the “Godly experiment”

Question 6

John Winthrop

Answer 6

Either governor or deputy gov. of Mass. Bay for 19 years & wanted Mass. Bay to serve as a moral example to the rest of the world

Question 7

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 7

Put on trial for Antinomianism beliefs. She defended herself admirably against the charge that she had usurped the power of ministers. She then testified that she had received a direct revelation of her beliefs from God, which was viewed by the judged as an ecclesiastical crime. Was deemed “not fit for our society”

Question 8

Roger Williams

Answer 8

Challenged the legality of the Mass. Bay colony’s charter b/c: Land was being taken from the local tribes & the civil government had no authority to regulate religious behavior

Question 9

Metacom (King Philip)

Answer 9

He became sachem of the Wampanoag people upon the death of his brother, Wamsutta. Led the Wampanoag during King Philip’s War

Question 10

Charles II

Answer 10

Gave CT a sea-to-sea charter grant, gave RI a charter, took away Mass. Bay’s charter, established the Dominion of New England in 1686 (included all of the New England, NY, & NJ)

Question 11

Edmund Andros

Answer 11

Curbed town meetings & popular assemblies, laid restrictions on courts, press, & schools, revoked all land titles & taxed the people without consent of representatives

Question 12

James II

Answer 12

Ousted & William & Mary (Protestants)

Question 13

William & Mary

Answer 13

New Protestant rulers who ousted James II

Question 14

Peter Stuyvesant

Answer 14

The one-legged director-general of New Netherland who led the attack that chased out the Swedes in 1655

Question 15

Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)

Answer 15

Believed in: Pacifism, simple meetinghouses, equality for women, freedom for all people, not paying taxes to support a state church, & not taking oaths or using titles

Question 16

William Penn

Answer 16

Secured a grant from the king for a colony for Quakers. He believed that settlers should pay local tribes for the land

Question 17

Nathaniel Bacon

Answer 17

Planter from VA who led a rebellion against Gov. Berkeley

Question 18

J. Hector St. Jean

Answer 18

Frenchman who became an American citizen in NY. Wrote in Letters from an American Farmer

Question 19

German immigrants

Answer 19

Fled from religious persecution, economic oppression, & war. No loyalty to the British crown, retained German language & customs. Protestant (Lutheran). Settled mainly in PA

Question 20

Scots-Irish immigrants

Answer 20

Scots lowlanders who had moved to Ireland, where their religion (Presbyterianism) clashed with Irish Catholicism. They weren’t afraid to confront Indigenous people as they pushed west & were known for squatting illegally on the land in crude cabins. Settled along the “great wagon road” along the Appalacians from PA to GA

Question 21

Paxton Boys

Answer 21

Killed 20 Susquehannok people in the Conestoga Massacre. Ben Franklin talked them down by promising their grievances would be considered by the legislature

Question 22

George Whitefield

Answer 22

An itinerant English parson; his message was one of human helplessness & divine omnipotence. His followers were called “new lights” (revivalists)

Question 23

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 23

Said it was a folly to believe in salvation through good works. He advocated complete dependence on God’s grace. The influence of the Enlightenment can be seen in his work (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon)

Question 24

Phillis Wheatley

Answer 24

An enslaved woman who lived in Boston, became famous for her poetry

Question 25

separatist

Answer 25

Puritans who wanted to break away from the Church of England

Question 26

non-separatist

Answer 26

Moderates in the Mass. Bay colony

Question 27

predestination

Answer 27

God had to elect a person’s soul before birth in order to be eligible for salvation

Question 28

the Elect/visible saints

Answer 28

Those who had had an intense personal conversion experience with God (a necessary step in becoming a full church member)

Question 29

Mayflower Compact

Answer 29

When they realized they were out of the bounds of their charter, the men drew up the Mayflower Compact, which was based on majority rule & established a step toward self-government

Question 30

Plymouth

Answer 30

The pilgrims, aided by Wampanoag people such as Squanto & Hobomok, were able to develop an economy based on fur, fish, and lumber

Question 31

“Great Migration”

Answer 31

70,000 Puritans migrated to the English colonies

Question 32

Blue Laws

Answer 32

Helped to repress social behaviors that were deemed immoral by the Church (e.g., PDA, not doffing one’s hat, not attending church, etc.)

Question 33

Protestant Work Ethic

Answer 33

The calling to do God’s work on Earth. Puritans worked hard to show others that they were going to heaven

Question 34

Mass. Bay/Boston

Answer 34

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) was centered around Boston. These Puritans were non-Seperatists (moderates). The settlement was much larger & had a charter from the king

Question 35

Popham colony

Answer 35

Failed Maine colony

Question 36

Fundamental Orders of CT

Answer 36

Essentially a modern constitution

Question 37

Praying Towns

Answer 37

Places Indigenous people gathered to learn about God & English culture

Question 38

Pequot War

Answer 38

Origin: confrontations between settlers pushing into the Connecticut River valley & the local Pequot tribe had led to the death of two English traders. The English responded by attacking Pequot settlements along the Connecticut River & forging & alliance with the Narragansett tribe. The colonists won the war by using bloody tactics that alarmed the Narragansett

Question 39

King Philip’s War

Answer 39

Intertribal unity led to many successful attacks on frontier settlements in MA & RI. Effects: Slowed English migration west for a few decades, 52 settlements were attacked (12 destroyed), the New England Indigenous tribes were drastically reduced in number, dispirited, & had lost their intertribal unity, Metacom was killed

Question 40

New England Confederation

Answer 40

Members were Puritan colonies: the two MA colonies & the two CT colonies Formed for defense against potential enemies: Indigenous tribes, French, Dutch, etc. The confederation lasted until 1684, when MA lost its charter

Question 41

Dominion of New England

Answer 41

Included all of the New England, NY, & NJ Purpose: Bolstering colonial defense & promoting efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws of the mid-17th century (preventing colonists from trading with countries other than England)

Question 42

Glorious Revolution

Answer 42

In 1688, James II was ousted & William & Mary (Protestants) were the new rulers, The Dominion was broken apart, MA was made a royal colony with royal governor

Question 43

salutary neglect

Answer 43

Non-interference in colonial affairs

Question 44

Dutch West India Co.

Answer 44

Established New Netherland in 1623-24 for quick profit in fur trade

Question 45

patroonships

Answer 45

(Vast estates) were granted to promoters who could settle at least 50 people on them

Question 46

headright system

Answer 46

Each man received 50 acres of land for paying his own passage to the colonies and an additional 50 acres for anyone else he brought with him

Question 47

indentured servants

Answer 47

The main labor source. They would work for years in exchange for “freedom dues” (land, corn, or clothing)

Question 48

“middle passage”

Answer 48

Represented the enslaved peoples’ journey across the Atlantic

Question 49

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 49

Adolescent girls claimed to have been bewitched by older women Economic explanation: accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s burgeoning market economy. Accusers came from subsistence farming families in Salem’s hinterland Other factors: superstition, ergot poisoning The trials were brought to a close when the governor became alarmed by accusations against his wife

Question 50

Half-way Covenant

Answer 50

A new formula for church membership proposed by the Puritan church. Allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church

Question 51

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 51

Rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Gov. Berkely. The goal of the rebellion was to convince Berkely to help protect Piedmont farms, which had been attacked by Indigenous people. Bacon’s army marched on Jamestown. It included indentured servants & enslaved Africans. The rebellion resulted in the burning of Jamestown. Bacon died of dysentery. Results of rebellion: Older landed gentry continued to dominate Virginia, while the newer gentry (men like Bacon) struggled b/c they lacked power & privilege. Indentured servants were gradually replaced with enslaved African laborers (over next 20 years). White populism (the binding of rich & poor whites through common racial virtue) contributed to the development of racism

Question 52

Regulator Movement

Answer 52

In NC (1765-1771), this small but nasty insurrection was led by the Scots-Irish against corruption in the colony’s affairs & high taxes (it was unsuccessful but considered a precursor to the American Revolution)

Question 53

Stono Revolt

Answer 53

Enslaved people from SC tried to march to Spanish FL but were stopped by the local militia after burning 7 plantations & killing about 45 white people

Question 54

“ringshout"

Answer 54

Came from W. Africa. Performers shuffled in a circle while participating in call-and-response

Question 55

Triangular Trade

Answer 55

A small part of total colonial trade, in which enslaved people from Africa grew the sugar in the Caribbean that was then shipped to New England to make molasses & rum, which was then shipped back to Africa to buy more enslaved people

Question 56

The Great Awakening

Answer 56

The goal was to breathe new life into religion & increase the level of religiosity of the people. It emphasized the spoken rather than the written word & reached out to attract people from a broad social base (Indigenous people, enslaved people, servants, etc.)

Question 57

Zenger Trial

Answer 57

Newspaper editor John Peter Zenger was accused of “seditious libel” against the royal gov. of NY Significance: Freedom of the press established (1735)