Chapters 3 and 4

Question 1

What did Miller conclude from his experiment?

Answer 1

Organic molecules is the origin of life

Question 2

What are types of skeletons can carbon chains form?

Answer 2

Length, branching, double bond position, presence of rings

Question 3

Organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen

Answer 3

Hydrocarbon

Question 4

Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 4

Hydrophobic

Question 5

Compounds with the same elements but in with different structures and shapes

Answer 5

Isomer

Question 6

Isomers that differ in covalent bond arrangement

Answer 6

Structural

Question 7

Isomers that have the same covalent partnerships but different spatial arrangement around a double bonded carbon

Answer 7

Geometric

Question 8

Isomers mirror each other

Answer 8

Enantiomers

Question 9

Why are enantiomers important to pharmacology?

Answer 9

They may mirror each other, but the carbon could be in a different place. 2 enantiomers may not be equally effective

Question 10

Specific configuration of atoms attached to carbon skeletons of organic compounds in chemical reactions

Answer 10

Functional group

Question 11

Always polar, has hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

Hydroxyl

Question 12

Determines 2 groups of sugars

Answer 12

Carbonyl

Question 13

Acts as an acid

Answer 13

Carboxyl

Question 14

Acts as a base

Answer 14

Amino

Question 15

Stabilizes protein structure

Answer 15

Sulfhydryl

Question 16

Reacts with water and releases energy; key component of ATP

Answer 16

Phosphate

Question 17

Affects DNA and gene expression

Answer 17

Methyl

Question 18

Why is water considered polar?

Answer 18

It has opposite charges on each side

Question 19

Hydrogen bonds are attracted to other surfaces

Answer 19

Adhesion

Question 20

Water molecules hold onto one another

Answer 20

Cohesion

Question 21

How difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Answer 21

Surface tension

Question 22

Amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 C

Answer 22

Calorie

Question 23

Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 C

Answer 23

Specific heat

Question 24

How do hydrogen bonds contribute to water’s high specific heat?

Answer 24

Heat must be absorbed to break h-bonds while heat is released when h-bonds are broken

Question 25

Quantity of a heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to the gaseous state

Answer 25

Heat of vaporization

Question 26

Dissolving agent

Answer 26

Solvent

Question 27

A liquid that's a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

Answer 27

Mixture

Question 28

Substance that is dissolved

Answer 28

Solute

Question 29

Has an affinity for water

Answer 29

Hydrophilic

Question 30

Has no affinity for water

Answer 30

Hydrophobic

Question 31

What two ions form when water dissociates?

Answer 31

Hydronium and hydroxide

Question 32

Increases hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 32

Acid

Question 33

Decreases hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 33

Base

Question 34

Minimizes changes in the concentrations of hydroxide and hydrogen in a solution

Answer 34

Buffer

Question 35

What products of fossil fuels contribute to acid precipitation?

Answer 35

Sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide

Question 36

Any force that holds together the atoms making up a molecule or compound. (holds hydrogen and oxygen to make water)

Answer 36

Intramolecular bond

Question 37

Attractions that molecules have for one another (holds water molecules to each other)

Answer 37

Intermolecular bond

Question 38

Group on the same side

Answer 38

Cis

Question 39

Group on the opposite side

Answer 39

Trans

Question 40

Why is hydrogen bonding important to the properties of water?

Answer 40

Responsible for emergent properties of water

Question 41

How is ice less dense that water?

Answer 41

Hydrogen bonds keep the molecules at arms length causing ice to float

Question 42

How do buffers help in biological systems?

Answer 42

Controls chemical reactions and maintains homeostasis

Question 43

What are some properties of water?

Answer 43

Adhesion, cohesion, universal solvent, has a high specific heat

Question 44

How does having a high specific heat help?

Answer 44

Water heats up more slowly and retains heat longer than surroundings

Question 45

How does having a high heat of vaporization help water?

Answer 45

Helps organisms to produce a cooling effect when perspirating