Chemical Composition of a Living Matter

Question 1

anything that takes up space and has mass

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

Matter is made up of __________, substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

Answer 2

Elements

Question 3

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Answer 3

Compound

Question 4

Elements making up about 96% of human body weight:

Answer 4

• Oxygen (65.0)
• Carbon (18.5)
• Hydrogen (9.5)
• Nitrogen (3.3)

Question 5

Elements making up about 4% of human body weight:

Answer 5

• Calcium (1.5)
• Phosphorous (1.0)
• Potassium (0.4)
• Sulfur (0.3)
• Sodium (0.2)
• Chlorine (0.2)
• Magnesium (0.1)

Question 6

are those required by an organism in only minute quantities

Answer 6

Trace elements

Question 7

Trace elements (are those required by an organism in only minute quantities) makes up <0.01%:

Answer 7

boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

Question 8

He wrote that matter was empty space filled with tremendous numbers of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

Answer 8

Democritus

Question 9

the smallest units of matter that can exist alone.

Answer 9

Atoms

Question 10

the number of protons in an atom of that element.

Answer 10

atomic number

Question 11

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Answer 11

mass number

Question 12

Water

Answer 12

• solid (ice), liquid, gas (vapor)
• most cells are about 70-95% water (cytoplasm)

Question 13

Two water molecules are held together by a ___________.

Answer 13

Hydrogen bond

Question 14

4 Properties of Water:

Answer 14

1. Cohesive Behavior
2. Ability to Moderate Temperature
3. Expansion upon Freezing
4. Versatility as Solvent

Question 15

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid (ex. Water strider)

Answer 15

Surface tension

Question 16

Water’s specific heat is? give its effect

Answer 16

1cal/gm/⁰C
- The high specific heat of water also tends to stabilize ocean temperatures, creating a favourable environment for marine life

Question 17

Effects of Evaporative Cooling

Answer 17

Sweating

Question 18

_________ is a liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

Answer 18

Solution

Question 19

_________ is the dissolving agent of a solution

Answer 19

Solvent

Question 20

_________ is the substance that is dissolved

Answer 20

Solute

Question 21

_______________ is one in which water is the solvent

Answer 21

Aqueous solution

Question 22

Any substances that has an affinity for water

Answer 22

Hydrophilic substances

Question 23

Any substances that do not have affinity for water because they are non-ionic & nonpolar that seem to repel water

Answer 23

Hydrophobic substances

Question 24

A stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

Answer 24

Colloid

Question 25

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentrates of a solution & removes hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution

Answer 25

Acid

Question 26

Example of Acids

Answer 26

pH 1 battery acid pH 2 gastric juices, lemon juice pH 3 vinegar, beer, wine, cola, hydrochloric acid pH 4 tomato juice pH 5 black coffee pH 6 rain water, urine, saliva

Question 27

the transformation from a liquid to gas

Answer 27

Evaporation

Question 28

occurs when liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down

Answer 28

Evaporative cooling

Question 29

___________ buffering system consists of an acid & a base in equilibrium with each other

Answer 29

Carbonic acid-Bicarbonate

Question 30

Are substances that minimize the changes in the concentration of H+ & OH- in a solution

Answer 30

buffering system

Question 31

Compounds formed by ionic bonds. They are often found in nature as crystals of various sizes & shapes

Answer 31

Salts

Question 32

Simplest carbohydrates; also known as single sugars

Answer 32

Monosaccharides

Question 33

the most common monosaccharides

Answer 33

Glucose

Question 34

aldehyde sugars

Answer 34

Aldose

Question 35

ketone sugars

Answer 35

Ketoses

Question 36

3-carbon sugars 5-carbon sugars 6-carbon sugars

Answer 36

Trioses Pentoses Hexoses

Question 37

Monosaccharides functions:

Answer 37

* Major fuel for cellular work in the process known as cellular respiration * Major nutrient for cells * Their carbon skeletons also serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types f small organic molecules such as amino acids & fatty acids

Question 38

double sugars, consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Answer 38

Disaccharides

Question 39

2 molecules of glucose

Answer 39

Maltose

Question 40

glucose + fructose

Answer 40

Sucrose

Question 41

glucose + galactose

Answer 41

Lactose

Question 42

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Answer 42

Polysaccharides

Question 43

Two types of Polysaccharides:

Answer 43

* Storage Polysaccharides * Structural Polysaccharides

Question 44

Both plants & animals store sugars for later use in the form of _______________.

Answer 44

Storage Polysaccharides

Question 45

A storage polysaccharide in animals usually stored mainly on liver & muscle cells

Answer 45

Glycogen

Question 46

Plants store _______ as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include chloroplasts

Answer 46

Starch

Question 47

A major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Answer 47

Cellulose

Question 48

The carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons

Answer 48

Chitin

Question 49

Compounds that are hydrophobic, which explains why fats or oils don’t mix with water

Answer 49

Lipids

Question 50

3 Forms of lipids:

Answer 50

1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids

Question 51

Constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids.

Answer 51

Fats

Question 52

Types of fats:

Answer 52

1. Saturated Fat 2. Unsaturated Fat

Question 53

Functions of fats:

Answer 53

* Energy storage * Cushions vital organs * Insulates the body

Question 54

essential for cells because they make up cell membranes

Answer 54

Phospholipids

Question 55

Many hormones are ________ produced from cholesterol

Answer 55

Steroids

Question 56

two types of nucleic acids

Answer 56

1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 57

the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents (more genes)

Answer 57

DNA

Question 58

Consist of a single polynucleotide chain (single gene)

Answer 58

RNA

Question 59

Have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

Answer 59

Proteins

Question 60

Greek word ________ meaning “first place”

Answer 60

proteios

Question 61

Proteins that "regulates metabolism by acting as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions"

Answer 61

Enzymatic Proteins

Question 62

Proteins that play a role in "structural support"

Answer 62

Structural Proteins

Question 63

Proteins that play as "a storage of amino acids"

Answer 63

Storage Proteins

Question 64

Proteins that play a role in "the transport of other substances"

Answer 64

Transport Proteins

Question 65

Proteins that play a role in "the coordination of an organism’s activities"

Answer 65

Hormonal Proteins

Question 66

Proteins that play a role in "the response of cells to chemical stimuli"

Answer 66

Receptor Proteins

Question 67

Proteins that serve as the "protections against diseases"

Answer 67

Defensive Proteins

Question 68

a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 68

Cellular respiration