Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Two major functions of the respiratory system:
A
- Supplying oxygen to the blood
- Removing carbon dioxide from the blood
2
Q
Secondary functions of the respiratory system:
A
- assistance in the regulation of the acidity of the extracellular fluids of the body
- assistance in temperature control
- elimination of water
- phonation (voice production)
3
Q
Air moves in and out of lungs
A
Pulmonary ventilation
4
Q
Gas exchange between blood and air at alveoli
A
External respiration
5
Q
- Between the lungs and the cells of the body
- Performed by the cardiovascular system
- Blood is the transporting fluid
A
Transport of respiratory gases
6
Q
Gas exchange in capillaries between blood and tissue cells
A
Internal respiration
7
Q
Cellular Respiration:
A
- Oxygen (O2) is used by the cells
- O2 is needed in the conversion of glucose to cellular energy (ATP)
- All body cells
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a waste product
- The body’s cells die if either the respiratory or cardiovascular system fails
8
Q
Respiratory passages that carry air to the site of gas exchange
A
Conducting zone
9
Q
Site of gas exchange
A
Respiratory zone
10
Q
Nose
A
- Provides airway
- Moistens and warms air
- Filters air
- Resonating chamber for speech
- Olfactory receptors
11
Q
Lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and nose hairs
A
Vestibule
12
Q
- Inferior to each is a meatus*
- Increases turbulence of air
- 3 scroll-like structures
- Reclaims moisture on the way out
A
Nasal Conchae
13
Q
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
A
Paranasal sinuses
14
Q
3 parts of the pharynx (throat):
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
15
Q
serve as common passageway for food and air
A
(pharynx) Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
16
Q
Three functions of larynx (voicebox):
A
- Produces vocalizations (speech)
- Provides an open airway (breathing)
- Switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
17
Q
Behind thyroid cartilage and above cricoid: 3 pairs of small cartilages:
A
- Arytenoid: Anchor the vocal cords
- Corniculate
- Cuneiform
18
Q
(the 9th cartilage)
Elastic cartilage covered by mucosa
On a stalk attached to the thyroid cartilage
A
Epiglottis
19
Q
keeps all but air out of airways
A
Cough reflex
20
Q
Paired vocal ligaments:
A
elastic fibers, the core of the true vocal cords
21
Q
_________ of larynx is required for speech (although makes choking easier)
A
Low position
22
Q
the space between the vocal cords
A
Glottis
23
Q
it controls length and size of opening by moving arytenoid cartilages
A
Laryngeal muscles
24
Q
either of a pair of cartilages at the back of the larynx, used in the production of different kinds of voice quality (for example, creaky voice).
A
arytenoid cartilages
25
produced by the vibration of vocal cords as air is exhaled
Sound
26
* Descends: larynx through neck into the mediastinum
* Divides in the thorax into two main (primary) bronchi
Trachea (the windpipe)
27
Trachealis muscle can _________ diameter of trachea
decrease
28
Wall of trachea has layers common to many tubular organs – filters, warms and moistens incoming air:
* **Mucous membrane** (pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and lamina propria with a sheet of elastin)
* **Submucosa** ( with seromucous glands)
* **Adventitia** - connective tissue which contains the tracheal cartilages)
29
Ridge on the internal aspect of last tracheal cartilage
Carina
30
Bronchial tree bifurcation:
* Right main bronchus (more susceptible to aspiration)
* Left main bronchus
31
in Carina, it is highly sensitive to irritants: cough reflex
Mucosa
32
Lobar bronchi branch into tertiary
segmental bronchi
33
Structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called ________
alveoli
34
walls consist of alveoli
alveolar ducts
35
alveolar ducts lead into terminal clusters called __________
alveolar sacs
36
air-blood barrier
respiratory membrane
37
a detergent-like substance that is secreted in fluid coating alveolar surfaces – it decreases tension
* Combination of the lipids and proteins
Surfactants
38
Microscopic detail of alveoli:
* Alveoli surrounded by fine elastic fibers
* Alveoli interconnect via alveolar pores
* Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”
* Note type I and type II cells and joint membrane
39
flatten sac of serous membrane
Pleura
40
two layers of Pleura:
**Parietal pleura** – outer layer
**Visceral pleura** – directly on the lung
41
slit-like potential space filled with pleural fluid
Pleural cavity
42
Each is cone-shaped with anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces contacting ribs
Lungs
43
* Indentation on mediastinal (medial) surface
* Place where blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessel, and nerves enter and exit the lung
Hilus or (hilum)
44
* Above structures attaching lung to mediastinum
* Main ones: pulmonary artery and veins and main bronchus
“Root” of the lung
45
Right lung: 3 lobes
Left lung: 2 lobes
**Upper lobe**
**Middle lobe** - horizontal fissure
**Lower lobe** - oblique fissure
**Upper lobe**
**Lower lobe** - oblique fissure
46
Each lobe of the liver is made up of ____________________ separated by dense connective tissue
bronchopulmonary segments
47
Each segment receives air from an individual ____________
segmental (tertiary) bronchus
48
Approximately ___ bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
10
49
Smallest subdivision seen with the naked eye is the _______
lobule
50
bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary arteries
51
carry oxygenated blood from the alveoli of the lungs to the heart
Pulmonary veins
52
framework of connective tissue holding the air tubes and spaces
Stroma
53
Lungs get their own blood supply from ________ and _________
bronchial arteries and veins
54
it is responsible for gas exchange (pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins)
pulmonary circulation
55
provides nourishment to the lung tissue (bronchial veins, bronchial arteries)
bronchial circulation
56
a network of autonomic nerves that innervates the lungs
pulmonary plexus
57
____________ means both bronchial tubes and lung alveoli together
means both bronchial tubes and lung alveoli together
58
The conducting zone which doesn’t participate in gas exchange
Anatomical dead space
59
pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
60
Two phases of pulmonary ventilation:
Inspiration (inhalation) – air in
Expiration (exhalation) – air out
61
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
**Spontaneous pneumothorax** – happens with obvious cause
**Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax** – lung disease (COP disease)
**Traumatic pneumothorax** – injuries, nabali ang ribs matusok sa lungs
62
Responsible for basic rate and rhythm
Network of neuron extending from the spinal cord to the thalamus – located in medulla
Reticular formation
63
Central Chemoreceptors
In the medulla
64
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
**Aortic bodies**
On aorta
Send sensory info to medulla through X (vagus n)
**Carotid bodies**
At the fork of the common carotid artery
Send info mainly through IX (glossopharyngeal n)
65
(examples) diseases of the respiratory system:
* asthma
*cystic fibrosis
*COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – with chronic bronchitis and/or *emphysema)
* epiglottitis
66
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath during normal breathing (0.5 L).
Tidal volume (TV)
67
Maximal volume of air inhaled at the end of a normal inspiration (3 L)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
68
Maximal volume of air exhaled at the end of a tidal volume (1.2 L).
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
69
Maximal volume of air inhaled after a normal expiration (3.6 L)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
70
The volume of gas that remains in the lung at the end of a passive expiration. (2-2.5 L or 40 % of the maximal lung volume) (ERV+RV).
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
71
The volume of gas remains in the lung after maximal expiration
Residual Volume (RV)
