Ecology

Question 1

_________ defined as “an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems.

Answer 1

One Health

Question 2

firmly rooted in the science of conventional medicine and additionally recognizes the key importance of external influences (such as nutrition, environment, e.g. exposure to toxins and lifestyle) and internal influences (such as gut bacteria, genetic disposition, allergy, nutritional deficiencies, biochemical disturbances) in causing disease.

Answer 2

Ecological Medicine

Question 3

contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exist, including land, water and atmosphere

Answer 3

Biosphere

Question 4

the scientific study of interactions between different organisms and between organisms and their environment or surroundings

Answer 4

Ecology

Question 5

it consists of all the organisms and the physical environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows

Answer 5

Ecosystem

Question 6

All the populations of the different species living and inter-acting in the same ecosystem

Answer 6

Community

Question 7

any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual

Answer 7

Organism

Question 8

A group of organisms that can breed to produce fully fertile offspring

Answer 8

Species

Question 9

A group of organism of the same species which live in the same habitat at the same time where they can freely interbreed

Answer 9

Population

Question 10

The total number of different species in an ecosystem and their relative abundance

Answer 10

Biodiversity

Question 11

living factors that influence an ecosystem

Answer 11

Biotic

Question 12

non-living factors that influence an ecosystem

Answer 12

Abiotic

Question 13

Producers

Answer 13

• Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth
• Also called autotrophs
  
  1. Plants
  2. plant-like protists (algae)
  3. Bacteria
• Photosynthesis
• Chemosynthesis

Question 14

use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates

Answer 14

Photosynthesis

Question 15

performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

Answer 15

Chemosynthesis

Question 16

Consumers

Answer 16

• Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
• Also called heterotrophs

Question 17

obtain energy by eating only plants

Answer 17

Herbivores

Question 18

eat only animals

Answer 18

Carnivores

Question 19

eat both plants and animals

Answer 19

Omnivores

Question 20

breaks down dead organic matter

Answer 20

Decomposers

Question 21

Heterotrophic organisms who ingest dead organic matter. (e.g. earthworms, woodlice, millipedes)

Answer 21

Detritivores

Question 22

Heterotrophic organisms who secrete digestive enzymes onto dead organism matter and absorb the digested material. (e.g. fungi, bacteria)

Answer 22

Saprotrophs

Question 23

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction—from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)

Answer 23

Feeding Interactions

Question 24

series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Answer 24

Food chain

Question 25

network of food chains within an ecosystem

Answer 25

Food web

Question 26

Diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or organisms contained within each trophic level of a food chain or web

Answer 26

Ecological Pyramids

Question 27

shows relative amount of energy available at each trophic level

Answer 27

Energy Pyramid

Question 28

represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level

Answer 28

Biomass Pyramid

Question 29

only about 10% of the available energy within a trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic level

Answer 29

Rule of 10

Question 30

a series of predictable changes in an environment

Answer 30

Ecological Succession

Question 31

succession that occurs on the surface where no soil exists

Answer 31

Primary Succession

Question 32

first species to populate the area

Answer 32

Pioneer Species

Question 33

following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

Answer 33

Secondary Succession

Question 34

when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time

Answer 34

Competition

Question 35

involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism has in its habitat.

Answer 35

Niche

Question 36

one organism captures and feeds on another organism

Answer 36

Predation 1. Predator - one that does the killing 2. Prey - one that is the food

Question 37

any relationship in which two species live closely together

Answer 37

Symbiosis

Question 38

both species benefit (WIN-WIN)

Answer 38

Mutualism

Question 39

one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. (WIN-0)

Answer 39

Commensalism

Question 40

one organisms lives on or inside another organism (host) and harms it.

Answer 40

Parasitism

Question 41

Aquatic biomes:

Answer 41

- Wetlands - Lakes - Rivers, streams - Intertidal zones - Oceanic pelagic biome - Coral reefs - Benthos

Question 42

occur in neritic zones of warm, tropical water, dominated by cnidarians (corals); very productive, protect land from storms; most are now dying from rise in global temperatures

Answer 42

Coral Reefs

Question 43

Occurs in benthic zone; diverse, unusual organisms; energy comes not from light but from chemicals released from the magma

Answer 43

Deep-sea vent

Question 44

Terrestrial biomes:

Answer 44

- Tropical forest - Savanna - Desert - Chaparral - Temperate grassland - Temperate deciduous forest - Coniferous forest - Tundra

Question 45

Vertical stratification with trees in canopy blocking light to bottom strata. Many trees covered by epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants).

Answer 45

Tropical Forest

Question 46

Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and animals adapted for water storage and conservation. Can be either very, very hot, or very cold (e.g. Antarctica)

Answer 46

Desert

Question 47

Dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs, mild rainy winters; long, hot, dry summers. Periodic fires, some plants require fire for seeds to germinate.

Answer 47

Chaparral

Question 48

Marked by seasonal drought and fires, and grazing by large animals. Rich habitat for agriculture.

Answer 48

Temperate Grassland (prairie)

Question 49

Mid-latitudes with moderate amounts of moisture, distinct vertical strata: trees, understory shrubs, herbaceous sub-stratum. Loss of leaves in cold, many animals hibernate or migrate then. Original forests lost from North America by logging and clearing.

Answer 49

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Question 50

Largest terrestial biome on earth, old growth forests rapidly disappearing, usually receives lots of moisture as rain or snow.

Answer 50

Coniferous forest

Question 51

Permafrost (Permanent frozen ground), bitter cold, high winds and thus no trees. Has 20% of land surface on earth.

Answer 51

Tundra

Question 52

defined as an applied science that focuses on ecological procedures related to methods of agriculture production. It integrates ecological principles to improve agriculture production.

Answer 52

Agroecology

Question 53

It is defined as sustainable farming that includes a variety of methods such as extensive or intensive farming, conventional farming, integrated farming, regenerative farming or organic farming, organic agriculture, permaculture, and agroforestry.

Answer 53

Agroecology Farming

Question 54

It is a social movement that aims to produce food using a sustainable agriculture system.

Answer 54

Agroecology Movement