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Chemical Foundations Flashcards

(84 cards)

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0
Q

Define Reduction

A

The gain of electrons during a chemical reaction

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1
Q

Define Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons during a chemical reaction

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2
Q

Define Exchange Reactions

A

A chemical reaction involving both decomposition and synthesis processes

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3
Q

Catabolism, aka

A

Decomposition reaction, aka

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4
Q

Define Decomposition Reaction

A

A chemical reaction wherein larger molecules split up into smaller particles

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5
Q

Anabolism, aka

A

Synthesis reaction, aka

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6
Q

Define Synthesis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction wherein two or more particles combine to form a larger molecule

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

a protein catalyst found in living organisms

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8
Q

How can a chemical reaction be sped up?

A

an increase in temperature, an increase in the reactant concentration, or by introducing a catalyst

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9
Q

What is the role of a catalyst?

A

decreases the activation energy needed to proceed with a reaction, and is present at the beginning of a reaction but remains unchanged once completed

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10
Q

What are the two single ring nucleotide bases?

A

Thymine & cytosine

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11
Q

What are the two double ring nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine & guanine

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12
Q

Define Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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13
Q

What are single ring nucleotide bases called?

A

Pyrimidines

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14
Q

What are double ring nucleotide bases called?

A

Purines

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15
Q

What happens if the body is in a state of Alkalosis?

A

blood pH levels are too high

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16
Q

What happens if the body is in a state of Acidosis?

A

blood pH levels are too low

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17
Q

What is the role of a Buffer?

A

To convert strong acids or bases into weak ones

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18
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble and hydrophobic?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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19
Q

Describe the role of each of these vitamins: A, D, E, K

A

Vitamin A used to make visual pigments in the eye
Vitamin D used in bone growth & repairs, and to regulate the body’s calcium levels
Vitamin E used to promote healing, prevent scarring, and contribute to nervous system function
Vitamin K is required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

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20
Q

What is the molecular structure of a triglyceride?

A

one glycerol molecule head and three fatty acids chains

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21
Q

What is the difference between the carbon chain of a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

a saturated fatty acid has only single covalent bonds between the carbons of the chain, and an unsaturated fatty acid has at least one double covalent

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22
Q

What is the molecular structure of a phospholipid?

A

one glycerol molecule head, two fatty acid chain tails, and one phosphate group

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24
Q

What molecular structure is common to all steroids?

A

four carbon rings

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24
What components are common to all nucleotides?
A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
25
Which molecule is the building block for all other steroids?
cholesterol
26
Define substrate
a reactant molecule to which only a particular enzyme will bind
27
What is an active site?
The part of the enzyme where the substrate fits
28
Give two examples of contractile proteins that allow the shortening of muscle cells (i.e. movement).
myosin and actin
29
Give two examples of structural proteins that form the structural framework for various parts of the body.
collagen and keratin
30
Give an example of an Immunological protein which aids in immune responses.
an antibody
31
Give an example of a Regulatory protein which functions to regulate processes within the body.
A hormone
32
Give an example of a Transport protein which carries vital gases throughout the body.
Hemoglobin
33
Give an example of a Catalytic protein which catalyzes particular biochemical reactions.
An enzyme
35
Describe the general differences between DNA and RNA?
They use one different nucleotide base each, different pentose sugars, and DNA is a double stranded helix whereas RNA is a single stranded helix
35
How many amino acids are found in the human body?
20
36
What are the two phases of cellular respiration?
Anaerobic and Aerobic phases
37
Describe the process that occurs during the Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration?
Glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvic acid and two ATP molecules
38
Describe the process that occurs during the Aerobic phase of cellular respiration.
With the consumption of oxygen, glucose molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and water
40
What is an Amphipathic lipid? Give an example.
Any molecule that has both a polar and non-polar end. For example, a phospholipid is amphipathic, which causes them to line up head to head and tail to tail, creating a membrane.
41
Ions
atoms that have gained or lost an electron, and therefore carries a charge
42
Ionic bond
transfer of electrons to fill both electron shells
43
covalent bond
sharing of electrons, strong and stable bond
44
hydrogen bond
partial (+) charge of hydrogen molecule attracted to partially (-) charged area of another molecule, very weak bond which plays a role in the 3-D shape a molecule takes
45
State 4 reasons that water is important within the body
provides a resilient cushion around organs, great solvent for other molecules, chemically reactive for participation in metabolic reactions, high heat capacity/thermal resilience helps maintain thermoregulation
46
Describe the pH scale
logarithmic scale 0-14 where 7 is neutral, based on the number of H+ ions in the solution, acids release H+ and have pH7
47
pH is a logarithmic scale, meaning...
The higher the concentration of H+ in the solvent, the lower the pH level on the scale
48
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
49
What is the function of adenosine triphosphate?
stores energy for metabolic reactions
50
What is the structure of ATP?
a nitrogenous base (adenine), a simple sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups
51
What is the chemical composition of a nucleic acid?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
52
What is the molecular structure of a nucleic acid?
nitrogeneous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group
53
Name the two classes of nucleic acids
DNA & RNA
54
What is the chemical composition of an amino acid?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
55
Discuss water solubility of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
carbs and some proteins are water-soluble, lipids and other proteins are generally not
56
What is the molecular structure of an amino acid?
carbon ring centre with an H+, an amino group, acarboxyl group, and a reactive group
57
What is the molecular structure of a peptide?
two or more amino acids, chained together
58
What is the molecular structure of a protein?
one or more polypeptide chains
59
What is the molecular structure of a polypeptide?
two or more peptides, chained together
60
What is the chemical composition of a lipid?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
61
List five types of lipids
fatty acids, steroids, phospholids, trigylcerides, eicosanoids, fat-soluble vitamins, and lipoproteins
62
What is the molecular structure of a fatty acid?
a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain
63
What is the molecular structure of cholesterol?
four carbon rings and a hydrocarbon tail
64
What is the function of an eicosanoid lipid?
modify responses to hormones, participate in allergic and inflammatory responses
65
What is the function of a steroid?
hormones, structural component (rigidity) of cell membranes, cofactor in digestion and calcium absorption
66
What is the function of trigylcerides?
insulation, cushioning, energy storage
67
What is the function of phospholipids?
major component of cell membranes
68
What is the function of fatty acids?
component in triglyceride and phospholipid formation
69
List three types of carbohydrates
sugar, starch, glycogen, cellulose
70
What is the chemical composition of a carbohydrate?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
71
What is the molecular structure of a monosaccharide?
a carbon ring containing 3-7 carbons
72
What is the molecular structure of a polysaccharide?
two or more monosaccharides
73
What type of carbohydrates are classified as simple sugars?
mono- or disaccharides
74
What is the molecular structure of starch, glycogen, or cellulose?
polysaccharides
75
What is the function of simple sugars, glycogen, starch, and cellulose?
source of energy for generating ATP, except cellulose which cannot be digested and is used as bulk for elimination
76
Describe a protein's primary structure
sequence of amino acids within a polypeptide chain
77
Describe a protein's secondary structure
hydrogen bonds on the chain cause the chain to twist and fold (e.g. helices or pleated sheets)
78
Describe a protein's tertiary structure
overall folding pattern of the polypeptide chain on itself
79
Describe a protein's tertiary structure
arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains relative to one another
80
Describe the two classifications of proteins based on shape
fibrous and globular
81
What is the shape and function of a fibrous protein?
polypeptide chains parallel to one another, structural functions
82
What is the shape and function of a globular protein?
polypeptide chains spherical in shape, metabolic functions
83
Give two examples of a fibrous protein?
collagen, elastin, keratin, actin & myosin
84
Give three examples of globular proteins?
catalysts, haemoglobin, membrane components, insulin hormone, antibodies

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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