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Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

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0
Q

List five types of junctions

A

tight jxns, desmosomes, adherens jxns, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions

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1
Q

List the four types of tissue

A

muscle, connective, skeletal, nervous

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3
Q

List five functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion/filtration, housing sensory receptors

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4
Q

Describe the functions of connective tissue

A

protects, supports, binds together, stores energy reserves, provides immunity, transports nutrients & waste

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5
Q

Describe the functions of muscle tissue

A

thermoregulation, movement and force

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5
Q

Where are tight junctions commonly found?

A

epithelial lining of stomach, intestines, urinary bladder

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6
Q

Describe the function of nervous tissue

A

detects changes and responds by conducting electrical impulses to relay information or instructions

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7
Q

Where are adherens junctions commonly found?

A

intestines

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9
Q

Describe the structure and function of tight junctions

A

web-like transmembrane proteins, inhibit passage of substances btwn cells, aka leaking

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9
Q

Where are desmosomes commonly found?

A

epidermis and cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Describe the structure and function of adherens junctions

A

form adhesion belts which glue the cells together

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11
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes commonly found?

A

against a basement membrane

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of desmosomes

A

spot weld-like junctions, connect intracellular keratinous filaments to prevent cells from separating or rupturing under tension

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13
Q

Where are gap junctions commonly found?

A

avascular tissues, nerves and muscles

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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of hemidesmosomes

A

adhere cells to basement membrane, connect intracellular keratinous filaments to prevent cells from separating or rupturing under tension

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15
Q

What kind of junctions are commonly found in nerve tissue?

A

gap junctions

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16
Q

Describe the structure and function of gap junctions

A

intercellular, provide passage for small molecules necessary for rapid transportation or communication

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17
Q

What kind of junctions are commonly found in epithelial tissue?

A

tight, desmosomes

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18
Q

List the five functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, houses sensory receptors

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19
Q

What is a gland?

A

one or more cells which secrete a particular substance

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21
Q

Endocrine glands

A

ductless, secrete directly into surroundings (eg hormones)

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22
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete through a duct (eg enzymes, mucus, bodily fluids)

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23
Q

List the two surfaces of epithelial tissue and where it attaches

A

apical surface, basal surface, attaches to connective tissue

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24
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

filtration & diffusion

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25
What is the function of simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium?
absorption & secretion
26
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
mucus secretion
27
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
protection from abrasion
28
What is the function of stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium?
protection & secretion
29
What is the function of transitional epithellium?
stretchy
30
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
air sacs in the lungs, vessel linings, serous membranes
31
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
glands, kidney tubules
32
Where can non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found?
digestive tract
33
Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
upper respiratory tract, mainly ciliated
34
Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
epidermis, tongue, esophagus, vagina
35
Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?
sweat & mammary glands
36
Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?
urethra, conjunctiva of eye
37
Where can transitional epithelium be found?
urinary bladder
38
basement membrane
basal lamina superficial to reticular lamina, attaches epithelium to connective tissue below
39
microvilli
extensions of cell membrane for increasing its surface area allowing for better absorption or secretion of substances
40
cilia
hair-like projection from cell for moving substances along its surface
41
Where can ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found?
bronchioles, fallopian tubes, uterus, sinuses
42
Where is epithelium found?
covers body surfaces, lines organs and cavities, forms glands
43
What is the main type of tissue found in glands?
simple cuboidal epithelium
44
Give three examples of endocrine glands
thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, gonadal
45
Give three examples of exocrine glands
sebaceous, sudiferous, salivary
46
List the five types of connective tissue
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bones, blood
47
What are the two main components of connective tissue?
specialized cells & extracellular matrix
48
What are the main components of the extracellular matrix?
extracellular protein fibres & ground substance
49
List three fibres found in connective tissue
collagen, elastin, reticular fibres
50
Describe collagen and where it is commonly found
flexible and strong, most abundant protein in the body, found in bones & cartilage
51
Describe elastin and where it is commonly found
able to return to their original shape and length after being stretched, found in skin, vessel walls, and lung tissue
52
Reticular fibres vs collagen
reticular fibres are also made of collagen but arranged differently, used as a frame for many structures
53
What is unique about cartilage as a form of connective tissue?
avascular (no nerves or vessels), slow healing, high water content
54
List the different classes of connective tissue
loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood
55
List the subcategories of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
56
Areolar tissue
loose connective tissue that binds and supports organs, most proliferous in the body
57
Adipose tissue
loose connective tissue that stores energy, insulates, protects
58
Reticular tissue
loose connective tissue that forms a network for support and filters out unwelcome substances/organisms
59
Where can areolar tissue be found?
beneath epithelium, between muscles, in body cavities
60
Where can adipose tissue be found?
under the skin and lining the organs of the abdomen
61
Where can reticular tissue be found
networks found in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
62
List the subcategories of dense connective tissue
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
63
Describe dense irregular tissue and where it is found
withstands stresses applied from any direction, found in dermis and outer layers of kidneys and spleen
64
Describe dense regular tissue and where it is found
provides tensile strength and flexibility for anchoring muscle to bone and bones to one another, found in tendons & ligaments
65
Describe dense elastic tissue and where it is found
provides strength and stretchiness, found in vessel walls
66
cartilaginous cell
chondrocyte
67
What are the subcategories of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
68
Describe hyaline cartilage and where it is found
provides support, flexibility, and shock absorption; found at the ends of long bones, voicebox, nose, btwn sternum & ribs
69
Describe fibrocartilage and where it is found
provides cushioning and protection; found in intervertebral discs, knees, btwn pubic bones
70
Describe elastic cartilage and where it is found
provides support and structure; found in external ear and epiglottis
71
bone tissue, aka
osseous tissue
72
blood tissue, aka
vascular connective tissue
73
bone tissue matrix
hard, made of calcium salts
74
blood tissue matrix, aka
plasma
75
serous membranes & fluid
line the ventral body cavities, lubricate walls of the cavity for organs as they move or expand & contract
76
Pericardium
serous membrane which lines the heart cavity
77
pleura
serous membrane which lines the lung cavity
78
Peritoneum
serous membrane which lines the abdominopelvic cavity
79
What are the two main components of nervous tissue?
neurons & neuroglia
80
neuroglia, aka
glial cells
81
What are the three classes of muscle tissue?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
82
actin & myosin
protein microfilaments found in muscle cells
83
What protein microfilaments are found in muscle cells?
actin & myosin
84
skeletal muscle, aka
striated voluntary muscle
85
smooth muscle, aka
nonstriated involuntary muscle
86
cardiac muscle, aka
striated involuntary muscle
87
Where can skeletal muscle be found, and how does it behave?
attached to the bones of the skeleton, contracts and releases quickly
88
Where can smooth muscle be found?
found in internal organs and vessels, contracts slower and stays contracted longer
89
Describe cardiac muscle and how it behaves
similar in appearance to skeletal muscle except cells are branching, behaves like smooth muscle, controlled by specialized nerve cells
90
What are two types of tissue repair?
regeneration & fibrosis
91
Tissue regeneration
damaged cells are replaced by identical cells, only occurs in tissues where rapid mitosis occurs
92
Tissue fibrosis
damaged cells replaced with fibrous connective tissue, aka scar tissue, that lacks the elasticity and normal functioning of the tissue it replaced
93
What are the three steps for tissue repair?
inflammation, organization, remodelling
94
Why does aging affect tissues?
cellular repair and maintenance becomes less efficient and therefore cellular composition changes over time
95
Describe how each type of tissue is affected by aging
connective tissues become more fragile, epithelial tissue become thinner, muscle tissues lose mass and strength, nervous tissue function deteriorates and is less efficient
96
Give an example of how epithelial tissue is affected by aging
wrinkles
97
Give two example of how connective tissue is affected by aging
bones become more brittle, bruising occurs more easily, joint/cartilage deterioration, loss of height due to intervertebral cartilaginous disks deteriorating
98
Give an example of how muscle tissue is affected by aging
heart is less efficient, loss of muscle mass and strength
99
Give an example of how nervous tissue is affected by aging
memory loss, dementia

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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