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Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

structures found in the CNS

A

BRAIN & SPINAL CORD are found in which division of the nervous system?

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1
Q

the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

structures found in the PNS

A

NERVES & GANGLIA are found in which division of the nervous system?

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3
Q

subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

SOMATIC nervous system and AUTONOMIC nervous system are subdivisions of which larger division of the nervous system?

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4
Q

Role of the somatic nervous system

A

responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle stimulation

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5
Q

Role of the autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary control of organs, glands, cardiac, smooth muscle

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6
Q

subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

SYMPATHETIC nervous system and PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system are subdivisions of which larger division within the nervous system?

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7
Q

system which controls “fight or flight reactions” (emergency, self-preservation)

A

role of sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

role of parasympathetic nervous system

A

system which controls “feed and breed” and “rest and digest” (digestion, reproduction, sleep, elimination, glandular activities)

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9
Q

What are the sensory functions of nervous system?

A

nerves gather sensory info from internal & external environments

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10
Q

SIM

A

Acronym for the three general functions of the nervous system

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11
Q

What are the integrative functions of nervous system?

A

brain processes, interprets, develops plan

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12
Q

motor functions of nervous system

A

convey info from CNS to muscles and glands (acts out the communicated plan)

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13
Q

The only two types of cells found in the nervous system

A

neurons & neuroglia

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14
Q

glia, aka

A

neuroglia, aka

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15
Q

electrical impulse conducted by a nerve cell

A

action potential

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16
Q

basic functional difference btwn neurological cells

A

neurons conduct electrical impulses and neuroglia support, nourish and protect neurons

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17
Q

three main components of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon are the basic components of what type of neurological cell?

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18
Q

cell body, aka

A

perikaryon, soma

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19
Q

soma, aka

A

cell body, perikaryon

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20
Q

perikaryon, aka

A

soma, cell body

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21
Q

organelle which is missing from NEURONS

A

type of cell that is missing CENTRIOLES

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22
Q

why can’t neurons replicate?

A

missing centrioles necessary for mitosis

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23
Q

organelle unique to neurons

A

Nissl bodies are unique to which type of neurological cell?

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24
Nissl bodies
specialized rough ER, unique to neurons, synthesize neurofibrils and microtubules which transport material within the cell
25
function of dendrites
receive and transmit action potentials toward the cell body
26
function of axons
receive and transmit action potentials away from the cell body
27
collaterals
branches of an axon
28
axon terminals, aka
synaptic knobs, aka
29
axon terminals
hundreds of branches at the end of an axon that contain neurotransmitters
30
synaptic knobs
hundreds of branches at the end of an axon that contain neurotransmitters
31
covering of an axon
myelin sheath
32
the three structural classes of neurons
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
33
most common structure of a neuron
multipolar
34
How are neurons classified by their structure?
classification based upon the number of processes that extend from the cell body of a neuron
35
structure of a multipolar neuron
neuron type having many dendritic processes and one axon extending from the cell body
36
structure of a bipolar neuron
neuron type having only one dendritic processes and one axon extending from the cell body
38
structure of a unipolar neuron
neuron type having only one process extending from the cell body, found in ganglia
39
Describe nodes of Ranvier and their purpose
gaps in the myelin sheath btwn Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS) that increase the speed at which an action potential is transmitted because it doesn't have to travel through the cell membranes, just btwn the nodes
40
motor neurons, aka
efferent neurons, aka
41
interneurons, aka
association neurons, aka
42
function of sensory neurons
carry impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS
43
function of motor neurons
carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral effectors
44
function of interneurons
found only within the CNS; receive incoming impulses from sensory neurons, communicate with one another within the CNS, and send outgoing impulses to motor neurons
45
Sensory, Integrative, Motor
the three general functions of the nervous system
46
Which neurological cell is capable of mitosis?
neuroglia
47
What are the six types of neuroglia?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, satellite cells
48
What are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?
Schwann cells & satellite cells have what in common?
49
What are the two types of neuroglia found in the CNS?
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells have what in common?
50
What is a nerve?
bundle of nerve cell fibres that follow the same path within the PNS
51
nerve cell fibres
axons & dendrites
52
What is a tract?
bundle of nerve cell fibres that follow the same path within the CNS
53
ganglion
cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS
54
neurological nucleus
cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
55
composition of the blood-brain barrier
astrocytes form a wall around the outside of blood vessels
56
function of the blood-brain barrier
protective barrier that keeps harmful substances from entering the brain
57
composition of myelin sheath
concentric layers of white fatty material, aka myelin, that encloses axons
58
function of the myelin sheath
protects and insulates axons, speeds up the transmission of action potentials
59
neurolemmocytes, aka
Schwann cells, aka
60
Schwann cells
form and maintain the myelin sheath around PNS axons
61
neurolemmocytes
form and maintain the myelin sheath around PNS axons
62
oligodendrocytes
form and maintain the myelin sheath around CNS axons
63
Neurological cells responsible for nerve regeneration
Schwann cells (type of PNS neuroglia)
64
Neurological cells responsible for blocking nerve regeneration
astrocytes (type of neuroglia that replaces oligodendrocytes in the CNS following an injury)
65
grey matter
tissue type within the CNS whose components lack a myelin sheath (includes cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia)
66
white matter
tissue type within the CNS that are composed primarily of myelinated axons
67
ECF
abbreviation for extracellular fluid
68
ICF
abbreviation for intracellular fluid
69
resting membrane potential
electrical potential across the plasma membrane of an excitable cell
70
polarized cell
cell which exhibits a membrane potential
71
general electrical state of a resting cell
an excess of cations in the ECF, and an excess of anions in the cytosol/ICF
72
membrane potential
electrical potential difference across a cell membrane (uneven distribution of ionic charges)
73
Describe the ionic distribution of an excitable cell in its resting state
ECF is rich in Na+ and Cl- (salty like NaCl) and overall positive, while the cytosol/ICF is rich in K+ but overall negative
74
two phases of an action potential
depolarization & repolarization
75
threshold stimulus
causes a strong enough depolarization effect to instigate an action potential along the remainder of the cell membrane
76
synapse
communication bridge btwn neurons
77
components of a synapse
presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron
78
presynaptic neuron
the neuron sending the impulse
79
synaptic cleft
space btwn the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron
80
postsynaptic neuron
the neuron receiving the impulse
81
synaptic knobs
the terminal ends of the axon
82
neurotransmitter
chemical signal that travels btwn neurons through the synaptic cleft and changes the membrane potential in the receiving neuron, thus perpetuating the action potential
83
synaptic vesicles
store neurotransmitters in the synaptic end bulbs
84
synaptic end bulb, aka
synaptic knob, aka
85
receptors
receive neurotransmitters for the postsynaptic neuron
86
How are the neurotransmitters released?
the action potential stimulates the synaptic vesicles to release them through active transport via exocytosis
87
What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor?
ion channels then open allowing Na+ across the membrane, creating a membrane potential and triggers the continuation of an action potential
88
What happens to the neurotransmitter after it has binded to the receptor?
quickly inactivated by specific enzymes to prevent continuation of the impulse
89
ACh
abbrev for ACETYLCHOLINE
90
NE
abbrev for NOREPINEPHRINE
91
norepinephrine, aka
noradrenaline, aka
92
acetylcholine
released at neuromuscular junctions, btwn neurons and skeletal muscle cells
93
CNS equivalent of a nerve
PNS equivalent of a tract
94
CNS equivalent of a ganglion
PNS equivalent of a nucleus
95
What three things contribute to the resting membrane potential?
Na+ & K+ leak channels, ATPase pumps, and the presence of large anions within the cytosol which cannot pass through the membrane
96
Where in a neuron does an action potential originate?
axon hillox

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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