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Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 > Chemical level of organization > Flashcards

Chemical level of organization Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical elements of the human body

A

Major elements: (96.1%) (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen) + phosphorus and calcium = 99%
Lesser elements: (3.9%) : phosphorus, calcium
Trace elements: (less than 0.2 %) : zinc, cobalt

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

-Start with large, then break bonds to get smaller molecules
-also called decomposition (hydrolysis)
-when you break bonds you free up energy
-catabolism drives anabolism

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

-start with small, then form bond to make bigger molecules
-synthesis (dehydration synthesis)
-this reaction requires energy that you can obtain from catabolic reactions

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5
Q

Inorganic

A

not living
-typically lacks carbon hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

Water and its functions in the body

A

Amount in humans: varies depending on location
Functions 1. Act as a lubricant
2. Serve as a transportation medium
3. Help maintain constant temperature
4. Participates in chemical reactions

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7
Q

Water and temperature in the body

A

-Water has a stable temperature, so it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature making it useful in the body

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8
Q

Water as a transporting medium

A
  • water carries things in solution
    -pure distilled water is never found in the body, always mixed with something
    -can act as a solvent or a suspension
    Ex: blood, water based hormones, and lymph are watery based fluids that act as transporting mediums
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9
Q

Solution

A

mixture that is evenly distributed, you cannot differentiate the two

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10
Q

Solute

A

all things dissolved in their

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11
Q

solvent

A

water (thing doing the dissolving)

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12
Q

Water as a suspending medium

A

Ex: RBCs too large to be dissolved in blood, but moved by the force of blood moving

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13
Q

Suspension

A

acts as a transporting medium, what is in a suspension does not dissolve

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14
Q

Hydrolysis

A

-chemical reaction where you break bonds using water
-allows catabolic reactions to occur
-releases energy

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15
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A
  • Take away water from a chemical reaction to form a bond
    -allows anabolism to happen
    -this reaction is dependent upon synthesis (catabolism)
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16
Q

Acid

A

-when you put it in water it dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+)
-More stronger acid = more H+
- less H+ = still acid but not as strong

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17
Q

Where is acid found in the body or a product of?

A

-Acid is found in the stomach as HCl
-mucus protects the stomach from being affected
-cannot digest proteins without acid in the stomach
-a product of acid is heartburn. When you take anti-acids you make the environment in your stomach more basic. Long term this can cause problems with digestion

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18
Q

Base

A

-when dissolved in water is dissociates into hydroxyl ions (OH-)
-Blood is somewhat basic with a PH of 7.4, you will die if it becomes acidic

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19
Q

Name one part of the body or product that is basic

A

-pancreas uses OH-
-small intestine is basic

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20
Q

pH; the pH scale

A

measure of how many hydrogen ions in solution

above 7 = basic
7 = neutral
below 7 = acidic

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21
Q

Buffers

A

-they maintain pH in the body by altering H+ or OH- ions
- Ex: kidneys flush out hydrogen ions and you urinate them out

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22
Q

Organic molecules

A

-living things
-contains carbon and hydrogen bonds or carbon-carbon
-fundamental building blocks

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • carbon attached to water
    Function: body fuel
    Ratio: 1:2:1 (1 carbon : 2x hydrogen : 1 oxygen)
    -group of molecules that contain sugar and starches
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24
Q

Three things to identify carbohydrates

A

-you need to see hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

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25
Q

Monosaccharides

A

-simplest form of a carbohydrate
-are the building blocks, ready to be digested in this form
-logs for the fire there to be burned
-larger carbohydrate less soluble in water
ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose

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25
Q

Monosaccharides

A

-simplest form of a carbohydrate
-are the building blocks, ready to be digested in this form
-logs for the fire there to be burned
-larger carbohydrate less soluble in water
ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose

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26
Q

Disaccharides

A

-double sugar
-2 monosaccharides joined together, has to be broken down by the body before it can be used
Formed: dehydration synthesis
Broken: Hydrolysis
Ex: maltose, lactose, sucrose

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27
Q

Which carbohydrates (sugar) come together to from what?

A

Glucose + Glucose = maltose
Glucose + Galactose = lactose
Glucose + fructose = sucrose

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28
Q

Polysaccharides

A

-hundreds of monosaccharides
-starch is one of the forms that come from plants
-glycogen is one of the forms that come from animals and stored in liver cells and skeletal muscles
-we only take what we need, and that depends on our lifestyle the rest can get stored as fat and the leftover is stored as another polysaccharide

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29
Q

Cellulose

A

-type of polysaccharide that cannot be broken down by the body and used as fiber

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30
Q

Lipids

A

Neutral fat
Functions: used for insulation and fuel . Protection of organs and cell membranes, Makes sex hormones
- not easy to break down it goes into a fatty acid and glycerol
-babies need full fat milk to develop the myelin sheath (basis of MS disease)
-diabetics cannot use glucose, so they break down fat, but the breakdown produces acid which can affect pH of blood
-the fatty acid group may vary but it will always contain 1 glycerol

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31
Q

Fatty Acid

A

-hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group (C double bonded to O and bonded to OH)

32
Q

Triglycerides

A

-major form of stored energy in the body
-fat deposits protect and insulate body organs
-composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains
- almost all the fat we eat is this

33
Q

Triglycerides

A

-major form of stored energy in the body
-fat deposits protect and insulate body organs
-composed of glycerol and fatty acid chains
-3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

34
Q

Saturated fats

A

-a fatty acid where there is only single bonds in between
-comes from an animal
-can clog arteries

35
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

-Fatty acid where there are double bonds between
-these will come from plants probably
-in liquid form most time (ex: olive oil)

36
Q

How is a molecule of fat broken down and formed?

A

Formed: dehydration synthesis
Broken: hydrolysis

37
Q

Diglyceride and monoglyceride

A

-2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, and one fatty acid attached to a glycerol respectfully
-used as additives in food

38
Q

Functions of Proteins

A
  1. Building material
  2. Transport
  3. Hormones
  4. Antibodies
  5. Enzymes

ex: actin and myosin are proteins used to build muscle
ex: hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen

39
Q

Enzymes

A

-almost all proteins are this
-they have specific shapes
-used for speeding up a chemical reaction
- every single chemical reaction in the body has its own enzymes
-end in ASE

40
Q

Amino Acid

A

-building blocks of proteins
-we have 20 different amino acids
-contain an amine group, central carbon, carboxyl group, and a R group
-need at least 50 of them to make a protein
-EX: sickle cell disease, one amino acid is changed and the red blood cell is deformed

41
Q

Peptide Bond

A

-bond joining the amine groups of one amino acid to the carboxyl group with the loss of a water molecule

42
Q

Dipeptide

A

-two united amino acids

43
Q

polypeptide

A

-ten or more amino acids united

44
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Function: carry genetic information, which is read in cells to make RNA and proteins
Description: composed of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and hydrogen, and are the largest molecules in the body. Two classes of molecules deoxynucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

45
Q

Nucleotide

A

-building blocks of nucleic acid (RNA/DNA)
-consist of a sugar molecule (ribose) or (deoxyribose) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base
-Bases used in DNA are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
- A goes with T, and C goes with G
-this chemistry is the same in all living things

46
Q

DNA structure

A

-nucleotide match by complementary bases
-the rungs of DNA consists of base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds
-the backbone of DNA ladder consist of alternating sugar and phosphate units

47
Q

Cell

A

-smallest unit of life
Principle parts of a cell
1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. plasma membrane

48
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane

A

-the outer boundary of the cell, which acts as a selectively permeable membrane

49
Q

Functions of plasma (cell) membrane

A
  1. Transport channels (cell doors)
  2. receptor sites
  3. cell identity markers
  4. enzymes
  5. cell to cell contact
50
Q

Permeable

A

can pass through

51
Q

Impermeable

A

cannot pass through

52
Q

semipermeable (selectively permeable)

A

-what things are (some can pass through others cannot)

53
Q

Factors that affect permeability

A
  1. size
  2. solubility
  3. charge
  4. presence of “carriers” protein doors
54
Q

Passive Transport

A

-does not require energy (ATP)
-diffusion and facilitated diffusion are examples of this

55
Q

Diffusion

A

-move from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low concentration (of water) till equilibrium
-moves on its own kinetic energy
-EX: oxygen diffuses into blood, but you don’t take it all through there

56
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

-diffusion but needs a doorway (for permeability)

57
Q

Osmosis

A

-passive process (no ATP)
-diffusion of water from high concentrated area to low concentrated
-blood pressure is an example of osmosis

58
Q

Hypertonic

A

-too much salt in the solution, water pours out of cell
-cell shrinks

59
Q

hypotonic

A

-to little salt in the solution, so the cell swells up as water rushes in
ex: distilled water

60
Q

isotonic

A

-no net movement of water from cell or solution, no osmosis

61
Q

Active transport

A

-requires ATP (energy) to move materials across the membrane, requires ATP and protein carrier
-does not go to equilibrium

62
Q

Filtration

A

physical separating process that separates solid matter and a fluid using a filter medium

63
Q

dialysis

A

-procedure to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly

64
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell eating (white blood cells)
-Needs ATP

65
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cell is drinking water

66
Q

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

A

-80% water made of, is the cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane
-the site of protein synthesis, first stage of cellular respiration, mitosis, meiosis

67
Q

Nucleus

A

-usually in the center of the cell
-storehouse of the genetic information, directs cellular activities, including division

68
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

-the double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus
-semipermeable

69
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

-jelly like fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope, equivalent to cytoplasm
-contains salts nutrients and other solutions

70
Q

Nucleolus

A

-spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus primary function is to produce and assemble ribosomes

71
Q

Chromatin

A

-dispersed in the nucleus
-contains genetic material (DNA) coils during mitosis

72
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-in the cytoplasm
-transports proteins (made on its ribosomes) to other sites in the cell, synthesizes membrane lipids

73
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

-in the cytoplasm
-site of steroid synthesis and lipid metabolism

74
Q

Ribosome

A

-attached to the membrane systems or in the cytoplasm
-synthesizes proteins

75
Q

Golgi Body

A

-near the nucleus (in the cytoplasm)
-packages proteins to be incorporated into the plasma membrane or packaged into lysosomes to be exported from the cell

76
Q

Mitochondria

A

-scattered throughout the cell
-control release of energy from foods, from ATP

77
Q

Lysosomes

A

-scattered in the cytoplasm
-digest ingested materials and worn out organelles (contain powerful digestive enzymes)

78
Q

microtubules and microfilaments

A

Microtubules: one of the three types of cytoskeletal elements, hollow tube made of tubulin
Microfilaments: thin strands of protein actin

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 (12 decks)

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