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Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 > Spinal cord: spinal nerves > Flashcards

Spinal cord: spinal nerves Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

white matter

A

myelinated fibers

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2
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

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3
Q

Nerve (color)

A

white

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4
Q

Nerve (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

fibers

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5
Q

Nerve location

A

PNS

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6
Q

Tract (color)

A

white

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7
Q

Tract (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

fibers

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8
Q

Tract location

A

CNS

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9
Q

Ganglia (color)

A

gray

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10
Q

ganglia (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

cell bodies

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11
Q

ganglia location

A

PNS

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12
Q

nuclei (color)

A

gray

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13
Q

nuclei (cell bodies or fibers?)

A

cell bodies

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14
Q

nuclei location

A

CNS

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15
Q

Spinal cord

A

enclosed within the vertebral column
* shorter than the vertebral column
-white matter on the outside and gray matter on the inside

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16
Q

spinal cord functions

A
  1. conduction of impulses between periphery and brain
  2. reflex center
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17
Q

Foramen magnum

A

this is where the spinal cord begins and passes thru

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18
Q

vertebral foramen

A

vertebral canal

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19
Q

conus medullaris

A

spinal cord terminates , tapered end of spinal cord (L1,L2)

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20
Q

what are the three layers in the meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid
  3. pia mater
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21
Q

dura mater

A

tough mother, outermost layer made of collagen fibers (white)

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22
Q

Arachnoid

A

middle meninges, extends to sacrum, looks like spiderwebs

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23
Q

pia mater

A

gentle mother , clings to spinal cord, vascular, and transparent , contains cerebral spinal fluid

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24
Q

subarachnoid space

A

-the space between arachnoid and pia mater
- contains cerebral spinal fluid

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25
filum terminale
fibrous extension of pia mater, from conus medullaris to coccyx anchors
26
epidural space
-space between dura mater and bone filled with adipose tissue and LFCT
27
spinal cord shape
-3/4th in diameter, flattened discs that are cylindrical
28
cervical enlargement
contains cell bodies of motor neurons --> controls the muscles of upper extremities - C4-T1
29
lumbar enlargement
-contain cell bodies of motor neurons --> controls the muscles of the lower extremities - T9-T12 -right above the conus
30
Where can you find cerebral spinal fluid?
1. subarachnoid 2. central canal
31
How many segments (pairs) of spinal nerves
31 -each segment is defined by a pair of spinal nerves
32
posterior/dorsal median sulcus
-a deep groove located on the posterior surface of the spinal cord
33
anterior/ventral median fissue
-the deep midline furrow on the anterior surface of the spinal cord
34
What is located in the gray matter in the spinal cord
1. posterior gray horn 2. lateral gray horn 3. anterior gray horn
35
posterior/dorsal gray horn
-responsible for sensory processing, receive incoming (afferent) sensory signals
36
lateral gray horn
-only found in the thoracic and lumbar segments -cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers found here -also contains cell bodies for autonomic output -central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
37
anterior gray horn
-sends out motor signals to the skeletal system -somatic contains cells bodies of motor neurons -anything that causes anterior horn destruction causes paralysis
38
What is located in the white matter in the spinal cord
1. posterior white column (funiculus) 2. lateral white column (funiculus) 3. anterior white column (funiculus)
39
Posterior white column (funiculus)
-located between the two posterior horns of gray matter -receives information regarding touch and sensation
40
lateral white column (funiculus)
white matter on either side of the spinal cord between the posterior horns and axon of anterior horn neurons
41
anterior white column (funiculus)
front column of white matter in your spinal cord
42
gray commissure
-allows impulse to go left to right in the same structure -gray matter that surrounds the central canal and connects two halves of the spinal cord
43
central canal
-runs the length of the spinal cord and contains cerebral spinal fluid
44
Tracts description
-bundles of myelinated fibers located in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) -all tracts are paired -most pathways cross over (decussate) -most pathways consist of a chain of 2 or 3 neurons -inputs from more superior body parts are more lateral
45
proprioception
nerve ending that senses change in muscle tension
46
What are the ascending tracts
1. fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus 2. spinothalamic 3. spinocerebellar
47
fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
conscious interpretation of general sensation, discrimination touch -located in a certain part of the cerebrum -"conscious" proprioception -gracilis =from lower limbs - cuneatus = from upper limbs
48
what is the input for ascending tracts
spinal cord to brain
49
what is the input for descending tracts
brain to spinal cord
50
spinothalamic
-is less precise than fasciculus gracilis -senses coarse touch
51
spinocerebellar
-no consciousness awareness- proprioception -does not decussate -all the joints and muscles in the body letting you know where you are in space
52
what are descending tracts?
1. corticospinal (pyramidal) 2. reticulospinal (extrapyramidal) 3. rubrospinal (extrapyramidal)
53
corticospinal (pyramidal)
-only voluntary pathway to skeletal muscles, decussate in medulla
54
reticulospinal (extrapyramidal)
-involuntary use of skeletal muscles
55
rubrospinal (extrapyrimidal)
-controls flexor muscles -involuntary use of skeletal muscles
56
Number of spinal nerves
31
57
Total number per segment of spinal nerves
1
58
What happens when you injure anterior horn destruction?
-causes paralysis that is where the body of motor neuron is ex: poliovirus
59
dorsal root
responsible for input
60
dorsal root ganglion
-bodies of sensory neurons here
61
ventral root
-responsible for output
62
body of motor neuron
- located in the anterior horn
63
body of sensory neuron
-located in the ganglion
64
mixed nerve
- all spinal nerves are mixed
65
ganglion
cell bodies outside CNS in the PNS
66
cuneatus
-from upper limb
67
gracilis
from lower limb
68
spinal nerve naming
cervical (C1-C8 thoracic (T1-T12) Lumbar (L1-L5) sacrum (S1-S5) coccyx (Co 1)
69
intervertebral foramen
-spinal nerves pass through the foramen , formed by lower lumbar and sacral spinal nerve
70
cauda equina
-collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
71
branches (rami)
1. meningeal branch (3 branches right back into dorsal cavity) 2. posterior branch (short branches) 3. anterior branch ( -autonomic branch (only in some spinal nerves) * these are all spinal nerves
72
plexus
network of spinal nerves at the inferior end of vertebral canal - only anterior branches from plexus , not from thoracic spinal nerves except for T1 and T12
73
cervical plexus
C1-C4 under sternocleidomastoid in phrenic nerve to diaphragm C3-C4
74
Brachial plexus
C5-C8, T1 between neck and armpit - contains radial nerve, axillary nerve, and ulnar nerve
75
lumbar plexus
-T12, L1-L4 -femoral nerve located here
76
sacral plexus
L4-L5 S1-S2 sciatic nerve located here
77
Dermatomes
-all spinal nerves except C1, service particular areas of the skin -cutaneous branches of the nerves, sensory innervation much overlapping
78
How many pairs of cervical nerves do we have?
8
79
Where are spinal reflexes initiated and completed
at the spinal cord level
80
How many pairs of thoracic nerves?
12
81
How many pairs of lumbar nerves ?
5
82
Nerve pathway
the path of an impulse
83
reflex arc
nerve pathway of a reflex simplest of the nerve pathways
84
reflex
autonomic, unconsciousness response to a stimulus
85
Parts of a reflex arc
1. receptor 2. sensory (afferent neuron) 3. interneuron 4. motor (efferent neuron) 5.effector (skeletal neuron)
86
What can a receptor be ?
-can be the end of a dendrite or a specialized structure
87
What are examples of reflex arcs
1. stretch reflex 2. flexor reflex 3. crossed extensor reflex
88
stretch reflex
-knee jerk reflex -just two neurons no interneuron -maintains normal muscle tone -monosynaptic ipsilateral -every muscle has sensory input on itself
89
neuromuscular spindle
-receptor for stretch of muscle fibers
90
flexor reflex
-withdrawal reflex -polysynaptic inter-segmental ipsilateral
91
crossed extensor reflex
-polysynaptic intersegmental contralateral
92
monosynaptic
one synapses, and two neurons
93
polysynaptic
more than 1 synapses- more than 2 neurons
94
ipsilateral
-input and output on the same side of body
95
contralateral
-input comes into spinal cord on one side of body and output exits on opposite side
96
intersegmental
-more than one segment involved
97
Is there a such thing as a pure motor neuron ?
-no, has one sensory neuron contributing to stretch

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 (12 decks)

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