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Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 > The brain and the cranial nerves > Flashcards

The brain and the cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main divisions of the brain

A
  1. Brain stem
  2. diencephalon
  3. cerebellum
  4. cerebrum
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2
Q

What are the divisions of the brain stem

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. pons variolii
  3. midbrain
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3
Q

what are the divisions of the diecenphalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
    * cannot be seen when you cut the brain open
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4
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

-1” long
-located between the spinal cord and pons
-relays information to cerebellum via inferior cerebellum peduncle
-sensory fibers and descending fibers cross over in the medulla

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5
Q

medulla oblongata: white matter

A

all tracts pass through it, most cross over
-decussation of the pyramids, right controls left and left controls right
-ventral side pyramidal tracts and motor tracts cross over
-function: conduction pathway

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6
Q

pyramidal pathway

A

-now you can control your skeletal pathway

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7
Q

medulla oblongata: gray matter (reflex center)

A
  1. cardiac center
  2. respiratory center
  3. vasomotor center
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8
Q

cardiac center

A

affects heart rate

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9
Q

respiratory center- in medulla

A

initiates breathing

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10
Q

vasomotor center

A

-affects blood vessel diameter
- affects blood pressure

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11
Q

origin (nuclei) of cranial nerves for medulla

A

-cranial nerves VIII-XII, VIII-X , XIII
-XI from spinal cord

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12
Q

pons variolii

A

-located between medulla and midbrain
- Pons = bridge

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13
Q

pons variolii- white matter (longitudinal nerve fibers)

A

up to midbrain down from midbrain to medulla

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14
Q

pons variolii- white matter (transverse nerve fibers)

A

conduction fibers –> cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncles

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15
Q

pons variolii- gray matter (respiratory center)

A

-affects breathing pattern

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16
Q

pons variolii- gray matter (origin of cranial nerves)

A

-cranial nerves V-VIII
(V-VII branch of VIII)

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17
Q

Midbrain location

A

-between the diencephalon and the pons
-cerebellum to midbrain via superior cerebellar peduncle
-origin of cranial nerves (III, IV)

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18
Q

cerebral aqueducts

A

runs through the midbrain, and connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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19
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

-located in the white matter (ventral portion) in the midbrain
-continuation of tracts/fibers, conduction between upper and lower brain parts

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20
Q

corpora quadrigemina

A

-located in the midbrain, gray matter (dorsal portion) and contains the superior and inferior colliculi

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21
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflex center

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22
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflex center

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23
Q

diencephalon

A

-contains the hypothalamus and thalamus
-relay station to cortex

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24
Q

thalamus

A

large, oval structure above midbrain, masses of gray matter surrounded by thin layer of white matter

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25
Q

thalamus function

A

-general interpretation of sensory input “gate keeper” of cerebrum
-all sensory information, except smell pass through here —> cerebrum

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26
Q

hypothalamus description

A

-floor, lateral walls of third ventricle
-pituitary gland attaches to hypothalamus

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27
Q

hypothalamus function

A

-body temperature regulation
-regulates food intake, water balance, thirst, biological rhythm
-controls autonomic nervous system
-regulates hormonal output of pituitary gland

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28
Q

cerebellum

A

-receives information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, visual pathways, equilibrium pathways
-outer gray matter, inner white matter
-folds are more parallel

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29
Q

cerebellum location

A

-posterior to brainstem- intervening fourth ventricle , 2nd largest portion

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30
Q

hemispheres in cerebellum

A

2 lateral hemispheres connected by vermis

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31
Q

convolutions

A

heavily convoluted, fine, pleatlike gyri- folia

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32
Q

what is located in the cerebellum white matter

A
  1. arbor vitae
  2. cerebellar peduncles
33
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter deep to gray matter within cerebellum

34
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

connects to brainstem, inferior cerebellar peduncle-medulla; middle pons, superior-midbrain
-the structure connecting the cerebellum to the brain stem and the cerebrum

35
Q

What is located in the cerebellum gray matter

A
  1. cortex
  2. deep nuclei
36
Q

cortex

A

-outer gray area

37
Q

deep nuclei

A

-deeply situated masses of gray in white matter

38
Q

cerebellum function

A

maintain normal muscle tone, balance, equilibrium
-activity occurs subconsciously

39
Q

What three functions does the cerebrum have?

A
  1. conscious sensing
  2. processing (higher level activities, problem solving, language, creativity, memory)
  3. voluntary output
40
Q

fissure

A

deep groove

41
Q

longitudinal fissure in cerebrum

A

-forms hemisphere

42
Q

transverse fissure in cerebrum

A

-between cerebrum and cerebellum

43
Q

hemispheres in cerebrum

A

-two not equal in function 90% of right handed people
-left (speech, analytical, skills, reading)
-right (musical themes, nonverbal functions)

44
Q

vermis

A

the unpaired, median portion of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres

45
Q

lobes

A

-named after cranial bones
1. parietal
2. temporal
3. frontal
4. occipital
5. insula

46
Q

insula

A

-located deep within lateral sulcus

47
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter, 6 layers of nerve cell bodies

48
Q

sulcus

A

-shallow depression
-increases surface area and pack in neurons

49
Q

gyrus

A

convolution
-increases surface area and pack in neurons

50
Q

primary motor area “broca’s area”

A

located in left hemisphere
-deals with speech
-voluntary motor area (corticospinal tract)

51
Q

primary sensory area, visual area, and auditory area

A

-located in temporal lobe
-visual area located in occipital lobe

52
Q

associated areas

A

-integrate, analyze, judgement, and reasoning happen here

53
Q

precentral sulcus

A

primary motor area

54
Q

prefrontal area

A

deals with judgement

55
Q

post central gyrus

A

primary sensory area

56
Q

cerebral white matter

A

deep to cortex

57
Q

association fibers

A

between gyri in same hemisphere

58
Q

commissural fibers (corpus callosum)

A

between hemispheres

59
Q

projection fibers

A

between cerebrum and other brain parts

60
Q

basal ganglia/ cerebral nuclei location

A

gray areas located in the white matter of each hemisphere

61
Q

basal ganglia/ cerebral nuclei function

A

-most important component of extrapyramidal system: skeletal muscle –> involuntary does not initiate movements but affects patterns and rhythms

62
Q

the reticular formation

A

-a functional brainstem system that maintains cerebral cortical alertness, extends length of brainstem
-arousal of brain as a whole
-in coma has zero function here

63
Q

the limbic system

A

-emotional brain
-many regions of gray matter affecting emotional behavior
-cortex of frontal and temporal lobe
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-also sense of smell

64
Q

blood brain barrier

A

-least permeable capillaries in body due to tighter junctions of endothelial cells

65
Q

list the cranial meninges

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid (subarachnoid space)
  3. pia mater
66
Q

list spaces in the dura mater

A
  1. falx cerebri
  2. falx cerebelli
  3. tentorium cerebelli
67
Q

falx cerebri

A

is a fold within longitudinal fissure- separate cerebral hemisphere

68
Q

falx cerebelli

A

runs along vermis, separates cerebellar hemisphere

69
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

intransverse fissure
-resembles a tent

70
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • clear, colorless, and watery- similar composition to blood plasma from which is arises
    -150 ml formed every 3-4 hours (1000 ml/ day)
    -reduces brain weight by 97%
    -protects brain from blows and trauma
    -helps nourish brain
71
Q

ventricles

A

-spaces filled with CSF
-specialized ventricles produce CSF from blood plasma

72
Q

lateral ventricles

A

-within each hemisphere
-separated by septum pellucidum

73
Q

third ventricle

A

cerebral diencephalon aqueduct

74
Q

fourth ventricle

A

between brain stem and cerebellum

75
Q

CSF production

A

-choroid plexuses in ventricles made from plasam

76
Q

CSF drainage

A

from the 4th ventricle into subarachnoid space

77
Q

CSF function

A

-absorb shock
-protection
-nutrients
-stable environment
-waste from cells to blood

78
Q

ventricle pathway

A

lateral ventricles –> third ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 1-3 (12 decks)

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