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part 1 boards (US) > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

What is it called when a molecule loses an electron

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

What is it called when a molecule gains an electron

A

Reduction

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3
Q

What is it called when a molecule gains an inorganic phosphate

A

Phosphorlyation

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4
Q

What does a kinase do

A

Transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to another

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5
Q

What does a ligase do

A

Joins two molecules together

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6
Q

What does a transferase do

A

Transfers the functional group from one molecule to another

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7
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Addition of water to a molecule

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8
Q

What component of a chemical reaction is proportional to the Vmax

A

Enzyme concentration

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9
Q

What is the required substrate concentration to achieve 1/2 Vmax

A

Kmax, (michaelis-menten constant)

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10
Q

What type of enzyme inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme

A

Competitive

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11
Q

What type of enzyme inhibitor reduces Vmax and doens’t bind to the active site

A

Non-competitive

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12
Q

What type of enzyme regulator binds to the allosteric site

A

Allosteric regulator

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13
Q

What kind of bone is formed between a fatty acid and a glycerol

A

Ester

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14
Q

What kind of bond forms between two sugars

A

Glycosidic

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15
Q

What is the rate limiting step in glycolosis

A

PFK

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16
Q

What is the rate limiting step in gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting step in TCA

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

what is the rate limiting step in glycogen synthesis

A

GLycogen synthase

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19
Q

What is the rate limiting step in glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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20
Q

What is the rate limiting step in HMP shunt

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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21
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

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22
Q

What is the rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA- carboxylase

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23
Q

What is the rate limiting step in fatty acid oxidation

A

Carnitine acyltransferase

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24
Q

What is the rate limiting step in Cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA reductase

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25
What is Sucrose made up of
Glucose and fructose
26
What is lactose made up of
Galactose and glucose
27
What is maltose made up of
Glucose + glucose
28
Why can we not digest cellulose
it has beta 1,4 bonds. we can digest alpha 1,4 bonds and 1,6 bonds
29
What enzyme cleaves alpha 1,4 bonds
Pancreatic amylase
30
What is the main fuel for the brain
Glucose can use keytones if it has to
31
What cells have GLUT-1 transporter
Brain RBC Placenta Testis
32
What cells have GLUT-2 transporters
Liver Kidney Beta cells (pancreas)
33
What cells have GLUT-3 transporters
neruons
34
What cells have GLUT-4 transporters
Muscles | Adipose cells
35
Can glycolosis take place in the absence of oxygen
yes
36
where does glycolosis occur
cytosol
37
What enzyme of glycolosis traps glucose in the liver
Hexokinase
38
What inhibits glucokinase
fructose-6-phosphate
39
What is the final regulating enzyme of glycolosis
Pyruvate kinase
40
What is the alcohol counterpart of glucose that is made as an alternative way of dealing with excess glucose
Sorbitol
41
What is the danger associated with sorbitol
Can damage the renta, lens and schwann cells Cataracts retinopathy peripheral neuropathy
42
What pathway synthesizes glucose
Gluconeogenesis
43
What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis
Maintain blood glucose in the fasted state by reversing glycolosis
44
Where does gluconeogenesis take place
the cytosol of the liver (first step is in the mitochondria)
45
What is used to make pyruvate during gluconeogenesis
Lactate | Alanine
46
how much ATP does gluconeogenesis use
6 ATP
47
What coenzyme is essential for gluconeogenesis to occur
Biotin
48
Does the krebs cycle occur in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
aerobic
49
What is the main molecule in the krebs cycle
Acetyl-CoA
50
What is produced from the krebs cycle
3 NADH 2 CO2 1 FADH2 1 GTP
51
In the ETC, NADH gets converted into how many ATP
3
52
In the ETC, FADH2 gets converted into how many ATP
2
53
Does the Krebs cycle produce ATP
No, it makes molecules that can turn into ATP through the ETC
54
How can oxaloacetate cross from the cytosol into the mitochondria
Has to be turned into malate
55
How can oxaloacetate cross from the mitochondria into the cytosol
Has to be turned into aspartate
56
What cycle helps to prevent lactic acid build up in muscles
Cori cycle
57
What pathway is CoQ-10 foud in
ETC
58
How much energy does the Cori cycle use up
4 ATP
59
What is the process of the Cori cycle
Turn Lactic acid into pyruvate, transfer it from muscle to liver. Live turns pyruvate into glucose and transports it back into the muscle
60
What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway
produce NADPH
61
What is NADPH used for
Fatty acid oxidation Detoxification protection from free radicals
62
Where does the pentose phosphate pathway take place
In the cytosol
63
Is there a gain or a loss of ATP from the pentose phosphate pathway
no
64
Where is the majority of glycogen stored
Liver | ****Muscles****
65
What is the advantage of having lots of reducing ends in glycogen
Increase synthesis rate increase degradation rate increase solubility
66
What does VLDL do
Transports fat from Liver to tissues
67
What do Chylomicrons do
Transport dietary lipids from SI to other locations in the body
68
What is LDL
Bad cholesterol, trans form
69
What is HDL
Good cholesterol, Cis form
70
DO saturated fats have double bonds
no
71
What types of fats are Omega-3 and Omega-6
Unsaturated
72
Where are fatty acids broken down
Mitochondria of adipocytes
73
What are the 4 steps of beta oxidation
Reduction (FAD) Hydration reduction (NAD) cleavage
74
Where does keytone body synthesis occur
Mitochondria of hepatocytes
75
What molecule is formed when two acetyl CoA enzymes condense
Acetoacetyl CoA
76
During Keytone synthesis what is HMG CoA turned into
Acetyl CoA | acetoacetate
77
Acetoacetate during keytone synthesis is broken down into acetate and acetyl CoA. Which of those two substances can be smelt on the breath of a diabetic
Acetate (smells fruity)
78
What causes the body to undergo keytone synthesis
Rapid B-oxidation due to starvation or fasting | When fatty acid concentration is high in the blood
79
What is the process of building up fatty acids
Lipogenesis
80
Once glycogen stores are full what does glucose get turned into
Acetyl CoA --> Malonyl CoA --> Fatty Acids
81
Where in the body does fatty acid synthesis take place
Cytosol of the liver, adipose, kidney
82
Cholesterol produces what type of hormone
Steroid hormone
83
What does HMG CoA reductase do in steroid hormone synthesis
Convert HMG CoA into Mevalonic acid
84
Where is Acetyl CoA converted into Cholesterol
The liver
85
What drugs lower cholesterol levels in blood
Statins
86
What steroid hormone is estrogen derived from
testosterone
87
What steroid hormone is testosterone derived from
Androstenedione
88
What amino acid is a derivative of Serotonin and Melatonin
Tryptophan
89
What amino acid is a derivative of creatinine and Nitric Ozide
Arginine
90
What amino acids are derived from intermediates of glycolosis
Glycine Alanine Serine Cysteine
91
What amino acid is derived from oxaloacetate
Aspartate
92
What amino acid is derived from aspartate
Asparagine
93
What amino acids are derived from glutamate
Glutamine Proline Arginine
94
What structure of proteins are alpha helix and beta sheets a part of
Secondary structure
95
What structure of proteins contole the basic function of proteins
Tertiary structure
96
What protein structure is the spatial arragement of subunits
Quaternary structure

part 1 boards (US) (12 decks)

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