Spinal Anatomy + CNS Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
What embryological layer does the Vertebral column develop from
A
Mesoderm
2
Q
Does C7 have a bifid or non bifid spinous process
A
Non-bifid
3
Q
What direction do the superior cervical facets face
A
Back
Up
Medial
4
Q
What plane are the superior cervical facets
A
Horizontal
5
Q
What direction do the superior facets of the thoracics face
A
Back
Up
Lateral
6
Q
What plane are the superior thoracic facets in
A
Coronal plane
7
Q
What direction do the superior lumbar facets face
A
Back
Medial
8
Q
What plane are the superior lumbar facets in
A
Saggital
9
Q
Which ligament of the vertebral column prevents hyperextension
A
ALL
10
Q
After C2 what does the PLL continue uppwards as
A
The tectorial membrane
11
Q
What is the job of the PLL
A
prevent hyperflexion
12
Q
After C7 what does the supraspinous ligament continue uppwards as
A
Nuchal ligament
13
Q
What is the job of the supraspinous/ nuchal ligament
A
Prevent hyperflexion
14
Q
What is the job of the interspinous ligament
A
prevent anterior translation
15
Q
What ligament of the vertebral column prevent buckling in extension
A
Ligamentum flavum
16
Q
What vertebral ligament limits lateral bending
A
Intertransverse ligament
17
Q
What does the alar ligament limit
A
Lateral bending
18
Q
What does the apical ligament limit
A
Flexion and extension of C2
19
Q
What does the cruciate ligament do
A
limits lateral translation
20
Q
In what region of the vertebral column is the IVD the thickest, what region is it the thinnest
A
Thick = Lumbar Thin = Thoracic
21
Q
How many IVD are there in the adult human
A
23
22
Q
What innervates the posterior outter third of the IVD
A
Sinuvertebral nerve
23
Q
What innervates the Lateral outter third of the IVD
A
Gray sympathetic rami communican
24
Q
How does the IVD get nourisment
A
Diffusion
25
Where is the spinal cannal the smallest, and where is it the largest
```
Smallest = Thoracics
Largest = cervicals
```
26
What vertebral level is the spinal cord the widest
C6
27
What motion do thoracic facets allow
Rotation
28
What motion is restricted in the lumbar spine
Lateral bending
29
Where does the majority of cervical rotation come from
C1-C2
30
What does the majority of flexion and extension of the cervical spine come from
Occiput - C1
31
How would you describe the cervical facet joint capsule
Long and loose
32
What innervates the facet joints
Medial branches of the dorsal rami of each segment
33
what motion is allowed in the upper 6 costovertebral joints
Pump handle action
34
What motion is allowed in the upper 6 costotransverse joints
Rotation
35
What motion is allowed in the lower 6 costovertebral joitns
Bucket handle action
36
What motion is allowed in the lower 6 costotransverse joints
Gliding
37
What are the 3 parallel groups of erector spinae mucles
Iliocostalis (I)
longissimus (love)
Spinalis (spinal)
38
What is special about the multifidus muscle
It is loaded with mechanoreceptors
39
What is the purpose of the intertransversarii and interspinales muscles
Mechanoreception (lots of spindle fibers)
40
What embryological structure is the spinal cord derived from
Neural tube (Ectoderm)
41
What vertebral level does the dural sac end
S2
42
What part of the dural sac becomes part of the coccygeal ligament
Filum terminale externa
43
What two layers of the dural sac continue with spinal nerves as the pass through the IVF
Dura
| Arachnoid matter
44
Proprioceptive, vibration, fine touch fibers of the upper limb synapse in what ascending tract
Gracilis
45
Proprioceptive, vibration, fine touch fibers of the lower limb synapse in what ascending tract
Cuneatus
46
What type of information is carried in the spinothelamic tract
Pain
Temperature
crude touch
47
What descending tract does not carry motor information
Raphespinal tract
48
Which ascending spinal tract does not cross at all
Dorsal spinocerebellar
49
Which ascending spinal tract crosses twice
Ventral spinocerebellar
50
Where dose the tract gracilis and cuneatus cross
Medulla
51
Which descending tracts do not cross
Vestibulospinal tract
| Raphespinal tract
52
Which descending tracts deal with voluntary movement
Lateral Corticospinal tract (limbs)
| Ventral corticospinal tract (head,neck)
53
Which descending tract excites flexors and inhibits extensors
Rubrospinal tract
54
Which descending tract excites extensors
Vestibulospinal
55
Which descending tract is involved in turning the head in response to sound or light
Tectospinal
56
Which descending tract restricts voluntary movement
Rubrospinal tract
57
Which descending tract is inhibits nociception with serotonin
Raphespinal
58
which horn of the spinal cord is sensory
Dorsal
59
Which horn of the spinal cord is motor
Ventral
60
Which horn of the spinal cord is Sympathetic
Lateral
61
Which lamina of the spinal cord is also known as the substantia gelatinosa
Lamina II
62
Which lamina of the spinal cord is also known as the nucleus porprius
Lamina III
| Lamina IV
63
Which lamina contains Clarkes nucleus
Lamina VII
64
Which lamina is known as the grey commissure
Lamina X
65
What artery supplies the lower 1/2 of the spinal cord (arises on the left)
Great Radicular artery of adamkiewicz
66
What artery supplies the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord
Single anterior spinal artery
67
What artery supplies the posterior one-third of the spinal cord
Two posterior spinal arteries
68
What are signs of an upper motor neuron lesion
Hyperreflexia
Spastic muscles
Positive babinski sign
69
What are signs of a lower motor neuron lesion
Hyporeflexia
Flacid muscles
Atrophy
Negative babinski sign
70
What are the three brain vesicles
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
71
What gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres
telecephalon (prosencephalon)
72
What gives rise to the thalamus, epithalamus and subthalamic nuclei
Diencephalon (prosencephalon)
73
What gives rise to the midbrain
Mesencephalon
74
What gives rise to the pons and cerebellum
Metencephalon (rhombencephalon)
75
What gives rise to the medulla and 4th ventricle
Myelencephalon (rhombencephalon)
76
What are the connective cells in the CNS
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes + Schwann cells
77
What cells make CSF
Ependymal cells
78
What cells help form the blood brian barrier
Astrocytes
79
What cells produce myelin
```
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells (PNS)
```
80
What fibers connect areas of the brain in the same hemisphere
Assoication fibers
81
What fiber connect areas on either side of the brain or spinal cord
Commissural fibers
82
What fibers connect the brain to spinal cord
Projection fibers
83
Is the middle cerebral artery a part of the circle of willis
no
84
What vessel of the circle of willis is the terminal branch of the basilar arery
Posterior Cerebral artery
85
What vessel of the circle of willis is the terminal end of the internal carotid artery
Posterior communication artery
86
What artery supplies the medulla
Vertebral artery
87
What artery supplies the pons
Basilar artery
88
What regulates blood supply to the brain
CO2, high levels cause vasodilation
89
What artery supplies the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres
Anterior cerebral artery
90
What artery supplies the occipital lobe, midbran, and thalamus
Posterior cerebral artery
91
What artery supplies the upper temporal lobe
middle cerebral artery
92
Where are the bipolar neurons of CN I located
Olfactory mucosa
93
Where is the olfactory cortex located
Temporal lobe
94
What part of the brain links smells with the autonomic NS
Hypothalamus
95
What part of the brain links smells with emotions
Limbic system
96
Where is the primary visual cortex
Brodman area 17 (Occipital lobe)
97
Does the optic nerve send information to the lateral or medial geniculate body
Lateral geniculate body
98
What nuclei receives parasympathetic fibers from the occulomotor nerve (CN III). What does it do
Ciliary ganglion
Constriction of pupil
99
What CN is the only one that exits the brain dorsally
CN IV (Trochlear nerve)
100
What muscles is innervated by the trochlear nerve
Superior oblique
101
What muscle is innervated by the abducens (CN VI) nerve
Lateral rectus
102
What are the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
103
Where does the Opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull
Superior orbital fissure
104
Where does the Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull
Foramen rotundum
105
Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull
Foramen ovale
106
What are the branches of the opthalmic division trigeminal
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Frontal
Trochlear
107
What are the branches of the maxillary division trigeminal
Pharyngeal
Infraorbital
Nasopalatine
Zygomatic
108
where does the pterygopalatine gangion receive parasympathetic fibers from
Superior salivary nucleus
109
Where does the otic ganglion receive parasympathetic fibers from
Inferior salivary nucleus
110
Where does the submandibular ganglion receive parasympathetic fibers from
Superior salivary nucleus
111
Where does the Facial nerve (CN VII) leave the brain
Pontomedullary angle
112
Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) receive parasympathetic fibers from
superior salivary nucleus
113
What nucleus of the facial nevre (CN VII) deals with taste
Solitary tract nucleus
114
What are the branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)
```
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal mandibular
Cervical
```
115
What CN gives sweet and salty sensation from the tongue
CN VII (facial)
116
What CN gives bitter sensation from the tongue
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)
117
What are the two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Cochlear (hearing)
| Vestibular (balance
118
Which geniculate body does the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)send cochlear fiber to
Medial genicualte
119
What do the semicircular canals sence
Angular acceleration
120
What does the urticle sense
Linear acceleration in horizontal plane
121
What does the saccule sense
Linear acceleration in vertical plane
122
What muscle does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) supply
Stylopharyngeous
123
What gives taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
124
What CN innvervates the parotid gland
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
125
What CN innvervates the carotid body and sinue
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
126
What CN gives taste to the base of the tongue
CN X (vagus)
127
Where does the vagus leave the skull
Jugular foramen
128
Does the vagus carry mainly afferent or efferent fibers
mainly afferent
129
What are the two parts of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
Cranial
| Spinal
130
What nerve does the cranial portion of CN XI (spinal accessory) join up with to supply the palat, pharynx and larynx
Vagus nerve
131
Where does the spinal accessory nerve leave the skull
Jugular forament
132
Where does the spinal portion of the spinal accessory nerve enter the skull (just before joining the cranial portion)
Foramen magnum
133
What CN supplies all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
134
What nerve supplies the palatoglossus
Pharyngeal plexus of the vagus (CN X)
135
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull
Hypoglossal foramen
136
```
Which of the following cranial nerves is not found in the pons
A) CN IV (Trochlear)
B) CN VII (Facial)
C) CN V (Trigeminal)
D) CN VI (Abducens)
```
A) CN IV (Trochlear)
137
Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) enter the skull
Internal acoustic meatus
138
Where does the facial nerve (CN VII) exit the skull
Stylomastoid foramen
