Childhood Diseases II Flashcards
(32 cards)
What does gestational age refer to for full term, preterm, post-term, neonate, infant, and child?
Full Term - 38-42 weeks
Preterm - <38 weeks
Post-term - >42 weeks
Neonate - 0-28 days
Infant - 28 days - 1 year
Child - 1-17 years
What does the APGAR score test and what are normal scores?
Full score out of 10
Color - no cyanosis = 2
Heart rate - >100 = 2
Respiration - strong =2
Reflex - sneeze/cough or pulls away = 2
Muscle tone - active movement = 2
What does the APGAR score mean after 5 minutes?
0-1 score = 50% of death
4 = 20% death
>7 = 0% death
What does prematurity refer to?
Gestational age less than 38 weeks
What is the second cause of death in children less than 1 year old?
Prematurity
______ % of infants are born prematurely
12
What are signs of prematurity? x4
Small infant <2500 g
Thin skin
Reduced tone and activity
Extremities not flexed
What are the complications of prematurity? x5
- Hyaline membrane disease
- Necrotizing enterocolitis
- Sepsis
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Developmental decay
_______ is fetal weight that is below the 10th percentile for gestational age as determined through an ultrasound.
Fetal Growth Restriction
Fetal Growth Restriction is also called what other names?
Small for gestational age (SGA)
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
What are the 3 causes of Fetal growth restriction? Which one is the most common?
- Fetal abnormalities
- Placental abnormalities
- Maternal - the most common
Which cause of Fetal Growth Restriction is symmetric or asymmetric?
Fetal abnormalities - symmetric where all systems are similarly affected
Placental abnormalities - asymmetric
What occurs with baby of a smoking pregnant woman?
Prematurity
Fetal growth restriction - asymmetric with relative sparing of growth of brain and head relative to rest of body
What are the complications of Fetal Growth Restriction? x7
- Perinatal asphyxia
- Meconium aspiration
- Hypoglycemia
- Polycythemia
- Brain dysfunction
- Hearing and visual impairment
- Learning disability
What are birth injuries that can occur ?
Caput succedaneum
Subgaleal hematoma
Skull fractures
Intracranial hemorrhages
Brachial plexus, facial N injury
Other fractures, clavicle and humerus
What are 3 types of perinatal infections?
- Transplacental - hematogenous/descending
- Ascending (transcervical)
- Combined
What are examples of transplacental infections? x5
- Toxoplasmosis
- Other - syphilis
- Rubella
- CMV infection
- Herpes virus infection
What is the incidence and when does Congenital Rubella Syndrome occur?
20-90% incidence of subsequent fetal infection
Maternal rubella virus infection usually in 1st trimester
What is congenital rubella syndrome characterized by?x5
- Low birth weight
- Purpuric rash
- Small head size - microcephaly
- Heart defects - PDA
- Visual problems - cataracts
In pregnant syphilitic women, ________ occurs in 1/3. Of the fetus carried to term, 2/3 have __________
stillbirth
congenital syphilis
Treponema pallidum ________ cross the placenta until the ______ of pregnancy, making prevention easy if mother receives prenatal care.
does not
5th month
At birth, the infected infant’s skin and secretions with congenital syphilis are highly ______
infectious
What are other physical characteristics of Congenital Syphilis?
- Hutchinson Incisors
- Mulberry molars
- Saber shin
What pathogens cause ascending infections?
Bacterial - E.coli, GBS
Viral - herpes simplex II
