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FoundSci III > Neoplasia VI > Flashcards

Neoplasia VI Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 skin cancers associated with radiation?

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Melanoma
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2
Q

The mechanism for radiation carcinogenesis is

  1. ________ causes DNA damage by formation of pyrimidine dimers
  2. Individuals with normal repair enzymes mediating DNA repair use ______ to repair the DNA damage
  3. Individuals with ______ repair enzymes mediating DNA repair are susceptible to radiation damage.
A

UVB

nucleotide excision repair

defect

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3
Q

What is the order of incidence for skin cancer?

A

Basal cell CA

Squamous cell ca

Melanoma

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4
Q

What are the mechanisms of ionizing radiation?

A

Chromosome breakage

Translocation

Point mutation

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5
Q

What neoplasms are caused by the atomic bomb?

A

Leukemias

Thyroid cancer

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6
Q

What neoplasms can X ray workers get?

A

Radiation dermatitis

Skin cancer

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7
Q

What neoplasms are associated with radium?

A

Osteosarcoma

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8
Q

What neoplasm is associated with Hep B and Hep C?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis B?

A

Chronic liver cell injury and regenerative hyperplasia

Encodes regulatory protein HBx protein - activates growth promoting genes like insulin GF and binds to p53

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis C?

A

Chronic liver cell injury

Regeneration

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11
Q

What 4 neoplasms does EBV cause?

A
  1. Burkitt lymphoma
  2. Hodgkin lymphoma
  3. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  4. Primary CNS lymphoma
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12
Q

What subtypes of HPV are associated with cervical cancer? What occurs?

A

HPV 16, 18, 31

Viral DNA integrated into host

E6 inhibits p53 and E7 inhibits Rb

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13
Q

What are low risk subtypes of HPV?

A

6 and 11

Cause benign squamous papilloma

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14
Q

What is the mode of transmission and pathogenesis of HTLV-1?

A

Sex, blood, and breast feeding

Path: CD4 tropism

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15
Q

HIV is associated with what neoplasm?

A

Lymphoma

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16
Q

Human herpesvirus 9 (HHV-8) is associated with_____

A

Kaposi sarcoma

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17
Q

What are the associated tumors with H. pylori?

A

Gastric lymphoma

Gastric carcinoma

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18
Q

What are the associated genes with H. pylori?

A

CagA - cytotoxin associated gene A (stimulate GF path)

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19
Q

What neoplasms are caused by estrogen as the initiator?

A

Breast cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

Leiomyoma of uterus

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20
Q

What neoplasms are associated with contraceptive hormones?

A

Breast cancer

Bening/malignant liver tumors

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21
Q

What neoplasms are associated with anabolic steroids?

A

Benign/malignant liver tumor

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22
Q

Liver flukes are associated with ______

A

cholangiocarcinoma

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23
Q

Schistosoma haematobium is associated with _____

Study These Flashcards
A

bladder cancer

24
Q

What are the clinical features in a patient with a tumor? x3

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Local or hormonal effect
  2. Cachexia
  3. Paraneoplastic syndromes
25
Cachexia is mediated by ______
TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, and IL-6
26
________ are distant effects of a tumor unrelated to primary tumor or metastasis
Para-neoplastic syndromes
27
What is important about para-neoplastic syndromes? x3
1. Represent early manifestations of an occult neoplasm 2. Cause significant clinical problems and possibly lethal 3. May mimic metastatic disease and confound tx
28
What are examples of para-neoplastic syndromes?
1. Endocrinopathies - lung cancer-ACTH 2. Hyponatremia/SIADH - small cell carcinoma lung ADH
29
What paraneoplastic syndrome is especially important?
Hypercalcemia
30
What are the causes of hypercalcemia in malignant?
Release of PTH - squamous cell CA of lung Osteolytic bone metastasis - breast cancer
31
Carcinoid syndrome is associated with _________ and the tumors are located in the ______ or _______. The tumor product is ________
Carcinoid tumor appendix or small intestine serotonin
32
_________ involves flushing, diarrhea, bronchospams, and tachycardia. Diagnosed with urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a metabolite of serotonin.
Carcinoid syndrome
33
What effects and neoplasm are associated with ACTH?
Cushing syndrome Small cell lung carcinoma
34
What effects and neoplasm are associated with ADH?
SIADH Small cell lung carcinoma
35
What effects and neoplasm are associated with EPO?
Polycythemia Renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular CA, hemangioblastoma
36
What effects and neoplasm are associated with PTHrP?
Hypercalcemia Squamous cell carcinomas of lung, head, and neck. Renal, bladder, breast, and ovarian CA
37
What 3 methods can you use to diagnose cancer?
1. Morphological methods 2. Molecule methods 3. Biochemical assay - tumor markers
38
what are laboratory methods used to diagnose cancer?
Histological methods Cytologic methods
39
_________ use antibodies to a range of antigens that are typical of particular tumor types.
Immunohistochemical techniques
40
Binding of antibody revealed in IHC by ______
1. Fluorescent labels 2. Chemical reactions
41
When should we use IHC? x4
When we do not know the cell of origin of the tumor! 1. Dx undiff tumor 2. Cateogrize leukemias and lymphomas 3. Determine origin site of metastasis 4. Therapy or prognosis
42
How would we know that a tumor is epithelial in origin?
If tumor is positive for cytokeratin, keratin, or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)
43
If IHC markers show vimentin, desmin, and muscle specific actin, what is the origin?
Mesenchymal
44
If IHC markers show Leukocyte common antigen (LCA), what is the origin of our tumor?
Leukocytes
45
What IHC marker will be high for neuronal tumors?
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
46
What other neuroendocrine tumors stain with NSE?
small cell carcinoma of the lung carcinoids
47
What does FISH detect?
Oncogenes bcr-abl fusion gene product
48
What does karyotyping detect?
Large deletion or insertion in chromosome
49
What does DNA microarray detect?
Genes which may predict prognosis
50
What does flow cytometry measure?
DNA content of cells Aneuploidy
51
________ is a biomarker found in blood, urine, or body tissue that can be elevated by presence of one of more types of cancers. Elevated level can indicate cancer.
Tumor marker
52
What should tumor marker not be used for? What should they be used for instead?
NOT used as primary DX tool Used to monitor tumor recurrence and response to therapy. Definitive diagnosis can be only only via biopsy
53
What are the associated cancers with tumor marker Beta-hCG?
Hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinomas Gestational trophoblastic disease
54
What are the associated cancers with tumor marker CEA?
Colorectal and pancreatic cancers Carcinoembyronic antigen
55
What are the associated cancers with tumor marker PSA?
Prostate cancer

FoundSci III (22 decks)

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