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FoundSci III > Neoplasia I > Flashcards

Neoplasia I Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

A clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive

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2
Q

Neoplasia means ______

A

New growth

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3
Q

What leads to the mutations in the genome with neoplasia?

A

Acquired DNA damaging agents like chemicals, radiation, and viruses impact a normal cell and cause DNA damage

The cell’s DNA repair mechanisms fail and this leads to mutations in the genome

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4
Q

What 3 mutations can occur that lead to tumor growth and what do each of the mutations lead to?

A
  1. Activation of growth promoting oncogenes –> unregulated cell proliferation
  2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes –> unregulated cell proliferation
  3. Alterations in genes that regulate apoptosis –> decreased apoptosis
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5
Q

What does unregulated cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis lead to when it comes to tumor growth?

A

Leads to clonal expansions

Along with additional mutations, angiogenesis, and escape from immunity the tumor continues progressing

Lead to malignant neoplasm, invasion, and metastasis

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell numbers

Polyclonal proliferation

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7
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Replacement of one cell type by another

Usually due to exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid or cigarette smoke

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8
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered, non-neoplastic cell growth

ONLY with epithelial cells

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9
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Complete lack of differentiation of cells in a malignant neoplasm

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10
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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11
Q

What processes occur when normal cells change in cell size or number? x3 Is it reversible or irreversible?

A
  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Atrophy

Reversible

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12
Q

What processes occur when normal cells change in cell structure? x1 Reversible or irreversible?

A

Dysplasia

Reversible

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13
Q

What processes occur when normal cells change in cell type? x1 Reversible or irreversible?

A

Metaplasia

Reversible

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14
Q

What processes occur when normal cells change in cell type and structure? x1 Reversible or irreversible?

A

Neoplasia

Irreversible

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15
Q

Can dysplasia and metaplasia become irreversible and become a neoplasia?

A

If chronic irritant persists, yes, they can become irreversible

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16
Q

What is oncology?

A

Study of tumors

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17
Q

What are the 2 components of neoplasia?

A

Parenchyma and Stroma

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18
Q

What are the 3 components of parenchyma?

A
  1. Made of monoclonal neoplastic cells
  2. Tumor derives its name based on its parenchyma
  3. Behavior of tumor is based primarily on its parenchyma
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19
Q

What are the 3 components of the stroma?

A
  1. Made of connective tissues, blood vessels, macrophages, and lymphocytes
  2. Growth and spread of a tumor are critically dependent on its stroma
  3. Stroma also determines consistency of a mass
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20
Q

What are the consistencies of each mass and their composition?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hard: abundant collagenous stroma, stony hard (desmoplasia or cirrhosis)

Soft: scant stroma, tumor is soft and fleshy

Rubbery: between soft and hard status

21
Q

An epithelial tissue that is malignant is a _______

22
Q

An epithelial tissue that is benign can be either _______ or ________

Study These Flashcards
A

Adenoma
Papilloma

23
Q

Mesenchymal tissue that is benign usually has a -_____ suffix

24
Q

Mesenchymal tissue that is malignant has a -______ suffix

25
If the cell of origin for a tumor is fibroblasts is called a ______
Fibroma
26
If the cell of origin of a tumor is cartilage is called ________
chondroma
27
If the cell of origin of a tumor is bone (osteoblasts) then it is called ______
Osteoma
28
The suffix oma does not always indicate a benign tumor. What are malignant examples where oma is used?
Melanoma and lymphoma
29
A papilloma is a ______ tumor Produces ______ projections from epithelial surfaces with branching pattern
benign finger-like/warty
30
What is the origin of transitional cell carcinoma?
Transitional epithelium in urinary system
31
Benign tumors are neoplasms that grow _________ adjacent tissue/spreading to distant sites (metastasis) Usually ________ (with lack of invasion) Generally amenable to _______
without invading well-circumscribed local surgery
32
Malignant tumors are neoplasms that _________ surrounding normal tissue. Usually ______ to distant sites May be treated successfully or ________
invades spreads can follow a deadly course
33
Intermediate tumors are ______ invasive (not benign) No tendency for ______
locally metastasis
34
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors when it comes to rate of growth?
Benign: slow Malignant: fast
35
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors when it comes to presence of capsule?
Benign: yes Malignant: no
36
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors when it comes to invasions and metastatic?
Benign: non-invasive, non-metastatic Malignant: invasive, metastatic potential
37
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors when it comes to degree of differentiation?
Benign: well-differentiated Malignant: well-differentiated or poorly differentiated
38
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors when it comes to suffix?
Benign: -oma Malignant: -carcinoma/-sarcoma
39
What are examples of a benign and malignant tumor?
Benign: fibroma Malignant: adenocarcinoma
40
What are the differences between sarcomas and carcinomas in regards to origin?
SA: mesenchymal CA: epithelial cell
41
What are the differences between sarcomas and carcinomas in regards to initial mode of spread?
SA: hematogenous CA: lymphatic
42
What are the differences between sarcomas and carcinomas in regards to nomenclature?
SA: tissue of origin + sarcoma CA: tissue of origin + carcinoma
43
What are the differences between sarcomas and carcinomas in regards to prognosis?
SA: poor CA: better
44
What are the differences between sarcomas and carcinomas in regards to distant metastasis?
SA: usually presents early CA: usually presents later
45
What are examples of sarcomas and carcinomas?
SA: leiomyosarcoma (smooth ms), rhabdomyosarcoma (striated ms) CA: squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell CA, adenocarcinoma
46
What are the differences between sarcomas and carcinomas in regards to incidence?
SA: less common CA: more common
47
What are the 4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously?
1. Follicular CA of thyroid 2. Choriocarcinoma 3. Renal cell CA (often invades renal vein) 4. Hepatocellular CA (often invades hepatic vein)
48
What are the 4 criteria used to differentiate between a benign and malignant neoplasm?
1. Rate of growth 2. Differentiation 3. Local invasion 4. Metastasis

FoundSci III (22 decks)

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