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FoundSci III > Parasite & Arthropod Skin Infection > Flashcards

Parasite & Arthropod Skin Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of Leishmaniasis?

A

Worldwide, rare in US in Texas and Oklahoma

Opportunistic pathogen in HIV patients mainly in Mediterranean

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2
Q

How is Leishmaniasis transmitted? What are the reservoirs?

A

Bite of infected female sand flies

Canines and rodents

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3
Q

What are the 3 presentations of Leishmaniasis?

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Mucocutaneous
  3. Visceral
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4
Q

What is the presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Raised, dry, crusty lesion at site where parasites inoculated

Lesions slowly enlarges and ulcerates

Self limiting

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5
Q

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is primarily _________ or _______

A

Disfiguring
Debilitating

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6
Q

Where is cutaneous Leishmaniasis common?

A

Africa
Middle East
Mediterranean
S. America

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7
Q

What are the presentations of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Typical cutaneous lesions

Months to years after resolution, ulcerative lesions develop in nasal mucosa and septum

Secondary bacterial infection common

Result in severe disfigurement

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8
Q

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis is thought to be result of ___________ and an aggressive immune response

A

parasite metastasis

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9
Q

Where is mucocutaneous leishmaniasis common?

A

Central and South America

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10
Q

With Leishmaniasis, infected individuals only have __________ forms (________). Therefore, antibodies afford little to no protection

A

intracellular
amastigotes

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11
Q

What is the resolution of Leishmaniasis dependent on?

A

Cell Mediated Immunity - gamma -interferon mediated activation of macrophages

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12
Q

How do you treat Leishmaniasis? How do you control it?

A

Heavy metal compounds.

Eliminate vector/reservoirs

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13
Q

What is the life cycle of Leishmaniasis?

A

Amastigotes in vectors gut become promastigotes

Host is infected with promastigotes and they enter macrophages and become amastigotes

macrophage dies, amastigote released and infect more circulating marcophages

Vector ingest macrophages when it ingest blood

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14
Q

What is the life cycle of Onchocerca volvulus?

A

Blackfly bite passes larvae to skin

Larvae become adults in subcutaneous nodules where they can live for long time

Microfiliariae migrate

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15
Q

What occurs when microfiliariae migrate in tissue? x5

A

Pruritus
Dermatitis
Lymphadenopathy
Punctate and sclerosing keratitis
Blindness

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16
Q

What is Onchocerciasis called? Where are most cases of Onchocerciasis?

A

River Blindness

Central and South America

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17
Q

What is river blindness caused by? How is it transmitted?

A

Onchocerca volvulus - filarial nematode transmitted by bite of infected Black flies

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18
Q

The microfiliariae of Onchocerca volvulus in ___________ tissue mature, mater, and release new microfiliariae

A

subcutaneous

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of adult worms of Onchocerca volvulus?

A

Several inches in length and exist knotted together in subcutaneous nodules

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of River Blindness and what causes these symptoms?

A

Itense itching (dermatitis) - migrating and dying microfilariae

Ocular infection causes sclerosing keratitis and blindness

Blindness

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21
Q

How do you diagnose river blindness?

A

Observing microfilariae from skin snips

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22
Q

How do you treat river blindness?

A

Ivermectin

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23
Q

What is the life cycle of Guinea Worm Disease?

A
  1. Patient seeking relief from pain, soak their feet in water and then worm bursts
  2. Water fleas ingest larvae
  3. Person drinks water with water fleas with infected larvae. Fleas digested
  4. Larvae resist digestion and move to intestinal wall where they grow and mate
  5. Fertilized female worms move through tissue and from blister
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24
Q

What is the largest tissue dwelling nematode?

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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25
How do humans acquire Dracunculus medinensis?
Ingesting infected copepods in water Larvae penetrate intestine and enter subcutaneous tissue Maturation takes 1 year
26
With Dracunculosis, gravid females induce a _____________, which ruptures, allowing the release of microfilariae into water
vesicular isolation
27
What can occur with Dracunculosis?
Secondary bacterial infection at ulcer site Allergic reaction to dead or dying adults Skin may become disfigured
28
How do you diagnose Dracunculosis?
Recognize symptoms Wash out microfilariae form ulcer
29
How do you treat Dracunculosis?
Wind worm out on a stick
30
What is cutaneous larva migrans caused by?
Ancylostoma (Hookworms) that normally infect dogs or cats (A. braziliense and A. canium)
31
With cutaneous larva migrans, larvae penetrate skin of accidental host. In wrong environment, the larvae fail to enter ________ and instead burrow in the deeper layers of the _________
Circulation Epidermis
32
What occurs with cutaneous larva migrans when it burrows in epidermis?
Intense inflammatory reaction in response to secretion produced by larvae Secondary bacterial infections
33
What does cutaneous larval migrans look like?
Creeping eruption
34
__________ are small roundish, eight-legged arthropods.
Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies mite)
35
What is the principal infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei?
Scabies
36
What is the life cycle of sarcoptes scabiei?
Adult female deposit eggs when they burrow Eggs hatch and release larvae
37
What is the presentation of scabies?
Presents as itching, usually on webbing and sides of fingers, later spreading to wrists, elbows, and the trunk Lesions appear as short, serpentine, slightly raised, cutaneous tracts
38
What can result with Scabies?
Can develop rash on parts of body not where mites burrow if sensitive to mite antigens Hyperinfection
39
What does hyperinfection of scabies cause? What is it characterized by?
Norwegian or crusted scabies Crusted lesions on hands, feet, and body
40
How do you diagnose Scabies?
See female mites at end of burrow and examining under microscope skin scrapings
41
How do you treat scabies?
topical treat all family members, clean clothing and bed linens
42
What is lice called?
Pediculosis
43
What are lice?
obligate blood feeding extoparasites Wingless, 6 legged, and flattened insects
44
What are the 3 species of lice?
Body louse Head louse Crab louse
45
What does the crab louse look like?
front legs smaller than the second and third set of legs which are clawed like crab legs
46
What are characteristic of lice infection?
Intense itching Pruritic reddened papules
47
______ primarily inhabit the hairs of the head. Can spread among children and the bites are concentrated behind the ears and back of the neck.
Head lice
48
How is head lice transmitted?
Physical contact Sharing hair brushes or hats and scarves
49
________ is usually found on clothing of infected individuals.
Body lice
50
How is body lice transmitted?
Direct physical contact Sharing of clothes Common storage of garments
51
Where is crab lice typically found?
Inhabit the hairs of pubic and perianal region Can be found on axillary and facial hair
52
How is crab lice transmitted?
One person to another through sexual contact
53
______and _______ lice are sedentary, often clutching the same hair shaft for days while feeding.
Head Crab
54
What are the eggs of lice called that attach to hair shafts?
Nits
55
How does body lice feed?
Move to the body to feed and return to clothing to mate and lay eggs. Eggs can be found in seams of ingested garments.
56
How do you diagnose lice?
Lice or eggs in hair or in seams of garments
57
How do you treat lice?
Dust, shampoo, lotions, and creams Retreat individuals a second time to destroy newly hatched lice Wash clothing and bedding Nit combs
58
What is disease caused by human botfly called?
Myiasis
59
What causes myiasis?
Infestation of tissue by the larvae (maggots) of flies
60
How is myiasis transmitted?
Bite of different arthropod
61
What is the human botfly called?
Dematobia hominis
62
Maggots of human botfly develop in ______________ and maintain contact with environment through an _________ in abscess
subcutaneous tissues air hole
63
What occurs to human botfly after larvae develop?
Larvae emerge, fall to ground, and continue development
64
What are the symptoms of myiasis?
During tissue phase - cause pain and secrete foul smelling exudate from opening
65
How do you remove human botfly?
Surgically Forced to surface by covering lesion with petroleum jelly to block air hole
66
What are bed bugs?
Cimex letuclarius
67
What are the characteristics of bed bugs?
Hide during day - mattress, box spring Feed during evening - blood feeding DO NOT transmit diseases
68
What do the bites of bed bugs present as?
Red, itchy lesions (welts) Common on trunk and limbs
69
How do you treat bedbugs?
Alleviate with topic antihistamines
70
What is the life cycle of trypanosoma cruzi?
parasite reproduces asexually in vectors gut Vector bites and defecates on skin Trypomastigotes rubed into eye or bugs bite Enter cells and reproduce as amastigotes Cell dies and amastigotes release and infect new cells
71
How is Chaga's disease spread?
Bite/Defectation of infected reduviid bug Blood transfusion
72
What are the symptoms of Chagas' Disease? x4
First sign is development of chagoma - Romana's sign Acute phase - fever, malaise, myalgia, and hepatosplenomegaly Indeterminate phase (asymp) - few parasites in blood, high level of Ab Chronic disease - infect cardiac muscle and myenteric plexus
73
What is Chaga's Disease caused by?
Trypanosoma cruzi
74
What are the complication of chronic chaga's disease?
Congestive heart failure Megacolon Megaesophagus
75
How do you diagnose Chaga's disease?
Acute phase - detect parasite in blood Chronic disease - serology Travel history
76
What is the lifecycle of trichinella spiralis?
Encysted larvae ingested in undercooked boar, hoarse, bear, or pork Larvae released in stomach and mature Larvae migrate to penetrate striated muscle
77
What causes trichinosis?
Trichinella spiralis
78
What is trichinosis associated with?
Undercooked pork containing encysted larvae
79
Severity of trichinosis depends on _____ and location of ________
Worm burden cysts
80
What occurs once larvae of Trichinosis are ingested?
Encyst in small intestine and develop into adults Females release infectious larvae - make way to circulation and carried to various muscles in the body
81
Larvae of trichinella spiralis encyst within _______, may survive for years
muscle cells
82
What are the intestinal symptoms of trichinosis and symptoms with larval migration and muscle penetration?
Intestinal - diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting Migration - eosinophilia and muscle pain
83
What is the pathology of Trichinosis?
Mechanical damage caused by larval migration and allergic and inflammatory responses
84
What are the presentations of Trichinosis in myocardium, diaphragm, and extra-ocular muscles of face?
Myocardium - myocarditis, ECG changes Diaphragm - dyspnea, coughing, wheezing Extra-ocular muscles of face - periorbital edema
85
How do you diagnose Trichinosis?
Depends on observation of encysted larvae in muscle tissue Aided by presence of eosinophilia, elevated muscle enzymes, symptoms
86
What is a lung fluke?
Paragonimus westermani
87
Where are lung flukes found?
Asia Parts of Latin and South America
88
As many as 1% of immigrants from South East _______ are reported to be infected
Asia
89
How are lung flukes acquired?
Ingestion of fresh water crabs or crayfish
90
What are the symptoms of paragonimus westermani?
Once mature worms set up in lungs - cough, blood tinged sputum Fibrotic cysts wall and lung abscesses
91
What is common with lung fluke infection?
Fever and eosinophilia Rusty sputum

FoundSci III (22 decks)

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