Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FoundSci III > Neoplasia III > Flashcards

Neoplasia III Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 4 criteria to differentiate between a benign and malignant neoplasm?

A
  1. Rate of growth
  2. Differentiation
  3. Local invasion
  4. Metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

___________ is a progressive infiltration of malignant neoplastic cells and destruction of the surrounding tissues.

A

Invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 types of invasion?

A
  1. Invasion of adjacent organs
  2. Penetration of body cavity
  3. Penetration of lymphatics
  4. Penetration of small venules or capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 steps of invasion of the ECM?

A
  1. Detachment of tumor cells from each other
  2. Attachment to matrix component
  3. Degradation of ECM
  4. Migration of tumor cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the first step of invasion of the ECM, benign tumor cells remain attached to each other by adhesions molecules like _________

In malignant tumors, invasive subclone occurs due to further DNA mutation. _______ is not produced in the newly occurred subclone. Thus, cohesiveness of tumor cells is reduced.

A

E-cadherin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What receptor is expressed on tumor cells and aids in attachment to the matrix component?

A

Laminin receptor/Laminin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the 3 step of invasion of the ECM, tumor cells, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells release __________ to degrade ________ BM collagen

A

collagenases (MMP)

type IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the 4th step of invasion of the ECM, tumor cells migrate via binding of _________

Tumor cell secreted _________ plays a critical role in migration

A

Fibronectin receptor/fibronectin

Motility factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____________ is spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumors.

A

Metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the metastatic cascade? x4

A
  1. Invasion of basement membrane
  2. Movement through ECM
  3. Vascular dissemination
  4. Homing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tumor cells must _______ and _______ to set up viable metastasis. Expression of _______ on tumor cells seems to favor metastasis.

A

arrest and extravasate

CD44

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the route of metastasis? x3

A
  1. Seeding of body cavities
  2. Lymphatic spread
  3. Hematogenous spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___________ occurs when malignant cells exfoliate and implant and invade tissue in a body cavity.

A

Seeding of body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are example of seeding of bodies cavities in the peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity, and sub-arachnoid space?

A

Peritoneal cavity - surface epithelial tumors of ovary

Pleural cavity - primary lung cancer

Sub-arachnoid space - glioma, glioblastoma multiforme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_________ is the most common type of metastasis.

A

Lymphatic spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lymphatic spread is more typical of __________ rather than _________. Lymphatics empty into blood vessels - eventual spread is hematogenous,

A

carcinomas

sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pattern of nodal spread reflects normal ________

A

lymph drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

__________ is the 1st node in a regional lymphatic system that receives lymph flow from primary tumor. Detected with radio labeled tracers or blue dyes.

Detects _______ of melanomas, breast cancer.

A

Sentinel lymph node

Spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neoplastic cells in lymphatic systems will eventually go to __________

A

blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 carcinomas that spread hematogenously?

A
  1. Follicular CA of thyroid
  2. Choriocarcinoma
  3. Renal cell CA (invades renal vein)
  4. Hepatocellular CA (often invades hepatic vein)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

__________ is typical of sarcomas and in late stage carcinomas.

A

Hematogenous spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In hematogenous spread, tumor invades veins so blood borne cells follow ______ flow to other organs

A

Venous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the common sites of targets for hematogenous spread?

A

Liver and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma _______ rather than spread via blood

Study These Flashcards
A

Locally invades

25
What are the characteristics of metastatic tumor in the liver?
Multiple mass lesions with central areas of umbilication due to ischemia infarction
26
Metastatic lung cancers are more common than primary lung neoplasm because other__________
primary tumor can metastasize to the lungs
27
The most common site for bone metastasis is _________
vertebral column
28
What are the 2 types of bone metastasis?
Osteoblastic metastasis Osteolytic metastasis
29
What is a common symptom of bone metastasis?
Pain
30
What do we visualize with osteoblastic metastasis?
Radio dense loci on X-ray Increased serum alkaline phosphatase (indicate reactive bone formation)
31
What is a common feature of prostate cancer bone metastasis?
Osteoblastic metastasis
32
What do we visualize with osteolytic metastasis?
Lucencies in bone x-ray Tumor produce factors that activate osteoclasts like PGE2, IL-1 Potential for hypercalcemia
33
Which primary tumors commonly metastasize to the brain?
Lung Breast Melanoma Colon Kidney
34
Which primary tumor commonly metastasizes to the liver?
Colon Stomach Pancreas
35
Which primary tumor commonly metastasizes to bone?
Prostate (blastic), breast (mixed) Lung Thyroid Kidney **others are lytic
36
_______ and ________ of a cancer have a significant impact on the management and prognosis of the patient.
Grade Stage
37
Which parameter for management and prognosis of a patient is most important?
Stage
38
_________ is looking at the histological appearance of tumor under the microscope, the pathologist then determines ______
Grading
39
How do we interpret BrdU for grading?
High nucleotide uptake implies that a large number of tumor cells are in "s" phase, which will then proceed to mitoses and undergo proliferation High uptake = high grade tumor and poor prognosis
40
What is BrdU?
bromodeoxy-uridine Used to grade by pathologists
41
What are the 4 grades for a tumor?
I. Well differentiated II. Moderately differentiated III. Poorly differentiated IV. Nearly anaplastic
42
What is the TNM system of staging?
T = size of primary tumor N = nodal involvement M = distant metastasis
43
How to interpret the T part of TNM staging?
T0 = in situ T1-4 - depends on size
44
How to interpret the N part of TNM staging?
N0 = no nodes involved N1-3 = depends on extent of nodal involvement
45
How to interpret the M part of TNM staging?
M0 = no distant metastasis M1-2 = depends on extent of metastasis
46
Dukes system is used to stage ________
colorectal cancers
47
Ann Arbor system is used to stage __________ and _________
Hodgkin Non Hodgkin lymphomas
48
What are the most common tumors in men?
Prostate Lung Colorectal cancers
49
What are the most common tumors in women?
Breast Lung Colon/rectum
50
What are occupation cancers when exposed to arsenic, asbestos, nickel, radon, and vinyl chloride?
Arsenic - lung, skin, angiosarcoma of liver Asbestos - lung, mesothelioma, GIT Nickel - nose, lung Radon - lung Vinyl chloride - angiosarcoma of liver
51
Who is more likely to get bladder cancer?
Patients working in industries involving aniline dyes, textile, or rubber
52
Who is more likely to get mesothelioma?
Patients exposed to asbestos
53
Who is more likely to get carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and lung?
Cigarette smokers!
54
Frequency of cancer increases with _______ with carcinomas being the most common type
age
55
What are common cancers of kids aged 0-14?
Leukemia Brain and CNS Neuroblastoma ** same list is for cancer mortality in this age group
56
What is the cancer mortality for the common cancers in men?
Lung Prostate Colon/rectum
57
What is the cancer mortality for the common cancers in women?
Lung Breast Colon/rectum
58
What is the most common cancer of all?
Skin cancer

FoundSci III (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions