Chinese Civil War

Question 1

What were the two phases of the Chinese Civil War?

Answer 1

First phase 1927–1937, second phase 1945–1949

Question 2

Which two parties fought in the Chinese Civil War?

Answer 2

Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Guomindang (GMD)

Question 3

What did the CCP and GMD do during the Second Sino-Japanese War?

Answer 3

Formed a temporary alliance to resist Japan

Question 4

What % of the Chinese population were peasants?

Answer 4

0.85

Question 5

What level of agricultural mechanization existed in China?

Answer 5

Virtually none

Question 6

How many died in the 1920–21 droughts?

Answer 6

500,000 (Gansu and Shaanxi)

Question 7

How many died in the 1927 famine?

Answer 7

Over 3 million in the northwest

Question 8

What % of crops were taken as rent by landlords?

Answer 8

0.7

Question 9

What % of China lived in cities of over 100,000?

Answer 9

0.045

Question 10

What % of Chinese workers were in industry?

Answer 10

Less than 10%

Question 11

What % of industrial capacity was located in Shanghai by the 1930s?

Answer 11

0.4

Question 12

How large was Shanghai’s population by the 1920s?

Answer 12

Over 1.5 million

Question 13

What were working conditions like in cities?

Answer 13

Low wages, no job security, high unemployment

Question 14

How many corpses per year were left in Shanghai’s streets?

Answer 14

20000

Question 15

How much did Shanghai’s Central General Union grow by 1927?

Answer 15

From 43,000 to 821,000 members

Question 16

What happened after Yuan Shikai’s death in 1916?

Answer 16

China fragmented into warlord territories

Question 17

When was the First United Front created?

Answer 17

1924, to fight warlords

Question 18

What was the 1926 Northern Expedition?

Answer 18

A GMD-CCP military campaign to eliminate warlords

Question 19

What ideology did the Nationalists follow?

Answer 19

Nationalism based on Sun Yatsen’s principles

Question 20

Who did the Nationalists appeal to?

Answer 20

The middle class

Question 21

What foreign community was present in Shanghai?

Answer 21

30,000 non-Chinese not subject to Chinese law

Question 22

What was the CCP’s ideological focus?

Answer 22

Elimination of the bourgeoisie and uplifting of the poor

Question 23

What happened on 12 April 1927?

Answer 23

The White Terror — Green Gang attacked CCP, killing at least 5,000

Question 24

What was the Autumn Harvest Uprising (1927)?

Answer 24

Mao’s counterattack in Hunan

Question 25

What were the Encirclement Campaigns (1930–34)?

Answer 25

GMD attempts to destroy the Jiangxi Soviets

Question 26

Why did the first four Encirclement Campaigns fail?

Answer 26

CCP used guerrilla tactics

Question 27

What happened during the Fifth Encirclement Campaign?

Answer 27

GMD sent 500,000 troops

Question 28

What was the Long March (1934–35)?

Answer 28

90,000 CCP troops fled 9,000 km north

Question 29

Where did major clashes occur in May 1935?

Answer 29

Luding Bridge and Dadu River

Question 30

Who were key warlord allies of the GMD?

Answer 30

Yan Xishan and Zhang Xueliang

Question 31

How many foreign concessions were reduced under the GMD?

Answer 31

From 33 to 13

Question 32

What secret agency did the GMD use?

Answer 32

Investigation and Statistical Bureau

Question 33

What infrastructure did the GMD build?

Answer 33

5,000 km of railroad and first commercial airlines

Question 34

What social campaign was launched by the GMD?

Answer 34

The New Life Movement

Question 35

What did the GMD fail to implement?

Answer 35

Sun Yatsen’s Three Principles of the People

Question 36

When did Japan establish Manchukuo?

Answer 36

1932

Question 37

What treaty created a demilitarized zone in 1933?

Answer 37

Treaty of Tanggu

Question 38

What was the 9 December Movement?

Answer 38

Student protest against Jiang’s inaction toward Japan

Question 39

What was Zhang Xueliang’s role in 1939?

Answer 39

Forced Jiang to work with the CCP

Question 40

What did Jiang Jieshi say about Communists vs. Japanese?

Answer 40

"The Japanese were a disease of the skin, the Communists a disease of the heart"

Question 41

How did CCP membership change from 1936 to 1945?

Answer 41

From 22,000 to 1.2 million

Question 42

How did the CCP appeal to peasants?

Answer 42

Land reform and social policies

Question 43

What customs were banned by the CCP?

Answer 43

Arranged marriages and foot binding

Question 44

What did Mao say about local populations?

Answer 44

"Not to alienate local populations"

Question 45

What institution trained CCP leaders during the war?

Answer 45

Anti-Japanese University in Yan’an

Question 46

What was the Rectification Campaign (1942–44)?

Answer 46

Internal purge to consolidate Mao’s leadership

Question 47

When was the Second Sino-Japanese War?

Answer 47

1937–1945

Question 48

How did the CCP gain strength during the war?

Answer 48

Built support in the countryside

Question 49

When did Japan take Shanghai?

Answer 49

October 1937 — 250,000 casualties

Question 50

What happened during the Rape of Nanjing?

Answer 50

300,000 civilians murdered in December 1937

Question 51

What was the Hundred Regiments Campaign (1940)?

Answer 51

CCP offensive against Japanese

Question 52

Why did the Nationalists kill 3,000 Communists in 1940?

Answer 52

For disobeying the United Front

Question 53

What was the Red Army’s size by 1945?

Answer 53

910,000 troops

Question 54

When did the U.S. declare war and support the GMD?

Answer 54

December 1941

Question 55

Who led the U.S. mission to China?

Answer 55

General Joseph Stilwell

Question 56

What was the May 1944 Japanese campaign?

Answer 56

The Inchigo Offensive — 500,000 Nationalist troops lost

Question 57

When did Japan surrender?

Answer 57

2 September 1945

Question 58

What happened after Japan’s surrender?

Answer 58

A power vacuum led to resumed CCP-GMD fighting

Question 59

How many died in the Chinese Civil War (1945–49)?

Answer 59

Between 4 and 6 million

Question 60

How many Nationalists and Communists died in three 1948–49 campaigns?

Answer 60

1.5 million Nationalists, 250,000 Communists

Question 61

How civilians many died in the Second Sino-Japanese War?

Answer 61

18 million civilians

Question 62

How many landlords were killed after 1945?

Answer 62

1 million

Question 63

How many were prosecuted?

Answer 63

16 million

Question 64

What reforms were in Nationalist zones?

Answer 64

Civil Code (1930), divorce rights, inheritance rights, labor laws

Question 65

How many colleges admitted women by 1935?

Answer 65

6000

Question 66

What roles did women have in Communist zones?

Answer 66

Political committees, Red Army service

Question 67

What was the Marriage Law (1 May 1950)?

Answer 67

Banned arranged marriages, mandated equality, banned divorce during pregnancy

Question 68

What did Mao say about women?

Answer 68

“Women hold up half the sky”

Question 69

What happened to China’s urban centers?

Answer 69

Destroyed during war

Question 70

What did the USSR do in Manchuria?

Answer 70

Stripped industrial infrastructure

Question 71

What form of government did Mao establish?

Answer 71

A one-party Communist state

Question 72

How many local CCP committees existed by the 1950s?

Answer 72

Over 1 million

Question 73

How many political enemies were executed by Order Keeping Committees in Shandong?

Answer 73

28000

Question 74

What were the Three-Anti and Five-Anti Campaigns?

Answer 74

Campaigns against corruption and business in 1951 and 1952

Question 75

How many died in the Reunification Campaign in Tibet?

Answer 75

87000

Question 76

What global impact did CCP victory have?

Answer 76

Heightened Cold War fears of communism

Question 77

What was the Formosa Resolution?

Answer 77

U.S. pledge to defend Taiwan from CCP

Question 78

What war did this conflict influence directly?

Answer 78

The Korean War