Hemispheric Reactions

Question 1

When did Roosevelt become president?

Answer 1

1933

Question 2

What policy did Roosevelt introduce toward Latin America?

Answer 2

Good Neighbor Policy

Question 3

Who was Roosevelt’s Secretary of State?

Answer 3

Cordell Hull

Question 4

What 1930 act harmed Latin American economies?

Answer 4

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

Question 5

What did the Montevideo Conference of 1933 declare?

Answer 5

No state may intervene in internal/external affairs of another

Question 6

What was nullified in 1934, granting Cuba more autonomy?

Answer 6

Platt Amendment

Question 7

Which countries did the U.S. withdraw troops from in the 1930s?

Answer 7

Haiti, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua

Question 8

What act in 1934 lowered trade barriers with Latin America?

Answer 8

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

Question 9

How much was Europe’s total debt to the USA by 1934?

Answer 9

$22 billion

Question 10

What did the 1936 Panama Canal Treaty do?

Answer 10

Increased rent to Panama and granted more autonomy

Question 11

What was the aim of the 1936 Buenos Aires Conference?

Answer 11

Promote peace amid global tensions (Signed Neutrality in the Western Hemisphere 16 December 1936)

F.D.R. spent 1 month in South America to promote the G.N. policy

Question 12

When was Hemisphere neutrality signed?

Answer 12

16 December 1936

Question 13

What did the Lima Conference of 1938 produce?

Answer 13

Declaration of the Solidarity of America

Question 14

What did the Declaration of American Principles emphasize?

Answer 14

Peace and non-intervention

Question 15

How did the U.S. respond to Mexico nationalizing U.S. oil firms in 1938?

Answer 15

With no aggression

Question 16

What Central American dictator did the U.S. support indirectly?

Answer 16

Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua

Question 17

Who led the Nye Committee?

Answer 17

Senator Gerald Nye

Question 18

How much did the U.S. lend Germany before WWI?

Answer 18

$27 million

Question 19

How much did the U.S. lend the UK and Allies before WWI?

Answer 19

$2.3 billion

Question 20

What was the First Neutrality Act (1935)?

Answer 20

Banned arms shipments to warring nations

Question 21

What event inspired the First Neutrality Act?

Answer 21

The 1915 Lusitania sinking

Killing 128

Question 22

What was the Ludlow Amendment?

Answer 22

Would require referendum before entering war (unless attacked)

Question 23

How many veterans joined the 1935 peace march?

Answer 23

50000

Question 24

What did the Second Neutrality Act (1936) ban?

Answer 24

Loans to countries at war

Question 25

What was the Third Neutrality Act (1937)?

Answer 25

Banned munitions exports but allowed "cash and carry"

Question 26

What did the Fourth Neutrality Act (1937) allow?

Answer 26

President could extend existing acts

Question 27

What did the Fifth Neutrality Act (1939) do?

Answer 27

Allowed arms to be sold on "cash and carry" basis

Question 28

How much aid did Roosevelt give China in 1938?

Answer 28

$25 million

Question 29

What did a 1937 Gallup poll reveal?

Answer 29

70% called WWI a mistake & 95% opposed future War

Question 30

What defense budget was granted post-Munich in 1938?

Answer 30

$300 million

Question 31

What security zone was established post-WWII outbreak?

Answer 31

500 km coastal security zone

Question 32

What was the Hemisphere Neutrality Belt?

Answer 32

Zone declared off-limits to belligerents

Question 33

What did a 1939 Gallup poll show about war?

Answer 33

94% favored neutrality; 80% wanted the allies to win; over 50% wanted to send aid as long as the US was not in danger

Question 34

How large was the U.S. army in 1921?

Answer 34

175,000 men

Question 35

How many commissioned officers were in the army in 1922?

Answer 35

12000

Question 36

How many enlisted men were in 1922?

Answer 36

125000

Question 37

What did NIRA grant the navy in 1933?

Answer 37

$237 million ## Footnote For 20 destroyers, 4 submarines, 4 cruisers, and 2 carriers

Question 38

What did the Vinson-Trammell Act (1934) allow?

Answer 38

Construction of 103 new ships in 8 years

Question 39

How much did the 1938 Naval Expansion Act allocate?

Answer 39

$1 billion

Question 40

What bomber was developed post-Munich?

Answer 40

B-17 Flying Fortress

Question 41

How much did the B-17 program receive?

Answer 41

$500 million

Question 42

What did the Immigration Act of 1924 do?

Answer 42

Banned Asian immigration to the U.S. ## Footnote Violation of gentlemen's agreement of 1907

Question 43

What prior agreement did the Immigration Act violate?

Answer 43

The Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907

Question 44

What % of Japan's oil came from the U.S. in the 1930s?

Answer 44

80%

Question 45

When did Japan invade Manchuria?

Answer 45

1931

Question 46

How did Hoover respond to the invasion of Manchuria?

Answer 46

Condemned Japan

Question 47

What happened to USS Panay in December 1937?

Answer 47

Japanese bombers sank it and 3 tankers, killing 2 Americans ## Footnote Japan Gave $2,214,000

Question 48

How much did Japan pay the U.S. in compensation?

Answer 48

2214000

Question 49

What was the Moral Embargo of 1937?

Answer 49

Informal ban on exporting war materials to Japan

Question 50

What term did historian Robert Divine use for American policy?

Answer 50

“Ironclad neutrality”

Question 51

What did historian William O’Neill argue in ‘A Democracy at War’?

Answer 51

Roosevelt couldn't fight Hitler due to public opinion

Question 52

What is the Gradualist view of Roosevelt?

Answer 52

He worked to shift public opinion slowly

Question 53

What is the Pragmatist view of Roosevelt?

Answer 53

He acted based on practical outcomes, not ideology

Question 54

What was the America First Committee (AFC)?

Answer 54

Isolationist group with 800,000 members

Question 55

What was a U.S. fear regarding the French Caribbean in 1940?

Answer 55

German occupation of islands like Guadeloupe

Question 56

How much did the U.S. expand its navy in 1940?

Answer 56

By 70%, with 201 new warships

Question 57

How much did it cost to build 7 new battleships in 1940?

Answer 57

$5.2 billion

Question 58

What did the U.S. send to Britain by October 1940?

Answer 58

970,000 rifles, 87,500 machine guns, 895 artillery pieces

Question 59

What was the Destroyers for Bases deal?

Answer 59

50 destroyers for 99-year leases on British territories ## Footnote Given after Dunkirk evaculation in June 1940

Question 60

What did the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 do?

Answer 60

Peacetime draft for men aged 21–35

Question 61

What was the increase in defense spending in 1940?

Answer 61

From $173 million to $669 million

Question 62

How many men were drafted in 1940?

Answer 62

Less than 900,000 at any one time

Question 63

Who was Roosevelt’s opponent in the 1940 election?

Answer 63

Wendell Willkie

Question 64

How did Roosevelt’s support change from 1936 to 1940?

Answer 64

Dropped from 60.8% to 54.7%

Question 65

What did William O’Neill say about the 1940 election?

Answer 65

“Chances of avoiding war were between slim and non-existent”

Question 66

What was the Lend-Lease Act (March 1941)?

Answer 66

Allowed arms to countries whose defense was vital to the U.S.

Question 67

How much did the UK defer under Lend-Lease?

Answer 67

$31.4 billion

Question 68

When was Lend-Lease extended to the USSR?

Answer 68

July 1941 ## Footnote With $1 billion

Question 69

How much was initially offered to Stalin?

Answer 69

$1 billion

Question 70

What was the ABC-1 plan?

Answer 70

Defeat Germany first, defend against Japan

Question 71

When was the U.S. combat zone extended to Iceland?

Answer 71

March 1941

Question 72

How many British Flying Schools were built in the U.S.?

Answer 72

6, training 8,000 UK pilots

Question 73

How many U.S. marines were stationed in Iceland by July 1941?

Answer 73

4000

Question 74

What was the Atlantic Charter (August 1941)?

Answer 74

U.S.-UK agreement outlining postwar peace & United Nations vision

Question 75

How much UK merchant cargo was lost monthly to U-boats in 1941?

Answer 75

400,000 tons

Question 76

What U.S. merchant ship was sunk in May 1941?

Answer 76

Robin Moor

Question 77

What action did the U.S. take against Axis diplomats?

Answer 77

Closed consulates and froze German/Italian assets

Question 78

What was the “Shoot on Sight” policy?

Answer 78

U.S. vessels could fire on Axis ships if threatened (September 1941)

Question 79

What ship’s sinking led to the policy? | Shoot on sight policy

Answer 79

USS Greer

Question 80

What U.S. ship sank in October 1941, killing 115?

Answer 80

USS Reuben James

Question 81

Why didn’t Roosevelt declare war after the Reuben James incident?

Answer 81

Lack of public support

Question 82

When was Pearl Harbor attacked?

Answer 82

7 December 1941

Question 83

When did Germany declare war on the U.S.?

Answer 83

11 December 1941

Question 84

How many Americans had already enlisted in Allied forces pre-war?

Answer 84

15000