Eisenhower

Question 1

What year did Eisenhower declare the switch to nuclear weapons?

Answer 1

1954

Question 2

How much did Truman spend on the military annually?

Answer 2

$50 billion

Question 3

What was Eisenhower’s military policy called?

Answer 3

New Look

Question 4

What was the purpose of the New Look policy?

Answer 4

To reduce military spending by relying more on nuclear weapons than conventional forces

Question 5

What did “Massive Retaliation” mean?

Answer 5

The US could respond with overwhelming force, including nuclear weapons

Question 6

Where did Eisenhower consider using nuclear weapons under “Massive Retaliation”?

Answer 6

Vietnam, Quemoy, and Matsu islands

Question 7

Why was “Massive Retaliation” criticized?

Answer 7

It was seen as too rigid and inflexible, leaving no option but nuclear attack

Question 8

What did Eisenhower believe was the key to US success?

Answer 8

Economic strength, not military spending

Question 9

How did Eisenhower change Korean policy?

Answer 9

He ended the Korean War

Question 10

What foreign policy goal did Eisenhower fail to achieve?

Answer 10

Rollback of communism in Eastern Europe

Question 11

Why was NORAD created?

Answer 11

To defend against Soviet long-range ballistic missiles

Question 12

Where was NORAD located and who controlled it?

Answer 12

In Canada, controlled by the US

Question 13

Why was Canada concerned about NORAD?

Answer 13

It feared US dominance over its defense

Question 14

Why did Eisenhower criticize Truman’s Latin America policy?

Answer 14

He believed Truman ignored Latin America, making it vulnerable to communism

Question 15

Who feared communism in Latin America and why?

Answer 15

John Foster Dulles

Question 16

How much agricultural land was owned by 2% of the Latin American population?

Answer 16

0.7

Question 17

How much private US investment went to Latin America from 1953–56?

Answer 17

$1.4 billion

Question 18

How much private US investment went to Western Europe in the same period?

Answer 18

$3.4 billion

Question 19

What company dominated Guatemala’s economy?

Answer 19

United Fruit Company

Question 20

How many workers did United Fruit employ in Guatemala?

Answer 20

40000

Question 21

What percentage of its land did Arbenz expropriate from United Fruit?

Answer 21

0.15

Question 22

How much did Arbenz offer to pay for the land?

Answer 22

600000

Question 23

How much did United Fruit claim the land was worth?

Answer 23

$16 million

Question 24

Why did the US accuse Arbenz of communism?

Answer 24

He expropriated land from United Fruit without paying their demanded price

Question 25

What was the result of the 1954 OAS vote led by Dulles?

Answer 25

17 countries condemned communism, hoping for US aid

Question 26

How much did the CIA spend to overthrow Arbenz?

Answer 26

$5–7 million

Question 27

How many troops did the CIA train to overthrow Arbenz?

Answer 27

100 Guatemalan soldiers

Question 28

How many men entered Guatemala in June 1954?

Answer 28

200

Question 29

What happened to Arbenz in June 1954?

Answer 29

He fled the country

Question 30

What dilemma did the US face after Arbenz's fall?

Answer 30

Support anti-communist dictators or risk democratically elected governments with communist leanings

Question 31

How did the US respond differently to Bolivia’s revolution?

Answer 31

With aid, seeing it as non-Communist and less important strategically

Question 32

When was Nixon's first visit to Latin America?

Answer 32

1955

Question 33

What did Nixon admire during his first Latin America trip?

Answer 33

Unpopular anti-communist dictators like Batista and Somoza

Question 34

When was Nixon’s second visit to Latin America?

Answer 34

1958

Question 35

What was the purpose of Nixon’s second visit?

Answer 35

To show Latin America the US still cared

Question 36

How much credit did the US give Argentina in 1949?

Answer 36

$125 million

Question 37

What happened to the US loan to Argentina?

Answer 37

Argentina did not repay it

Question 38

What impact did US trade policy have on Peru?

Answer 38

It worsened Peru’s economy and led to protests against Nixon

Question 39

Who did the US support in Venezuela?

Answer 39

Anti-communist dictator Jiménez

Question 40

What happened in Venezuela during Nixon’s visit?

Answer 40

Jiménez was overthrown and Nixon was publicly attacked

Question 41

Did Nixon’s visit improve Latin American relations?

Answer 41

No, but it improved economic ties

Question 42

Which Brazilian president had ties to communism?

Answer 42

Juscelino Kubitschek

Question 43

What was Operation Pan America (OPA)?

Answer 43

A proposal for US low-interest development loans in Latin America

Question 44

How much aid did Brazil request under OPA?

Answer 44

$3 billion

Question 45

What was Eisenhower’s stance on OPA?

Answer 45

Publicly endorsed it, but resented the cost

Question 46

What bank was created in 1959 due to Latin American pressure?

Answer 46

Inter-American Development Bank

Question 47

How much was initially invested in the Inter-American Development Bank?

Answer 47

$1 billion

Question 48

What did the 1954 Guatemala intervention mark the end of?

Answer 48

The Good Neighbor Policy

Question 49

What did Walter LaFeber argue about Arbenz?

Answer 49

He was not a communist, and the US was wrong to overthrow him

Question 50

Who replaced Arbenz after the coup?

Answer 50

Castillo Armas

Question 51

What happened to Castillo Armas?

Answer 51

He was assassinated by his own colleagues after 3 years

Question 52

What did historians argue about Latin America post-WWII?

Answer 52

It was moving toward democracy

Question 53

What impact did the US intervention in Guatemala have on Latin America?

Answer 53

It halted democratic progress and encouraged violent dictatorships

Question 54

By what year were most Latin American countries democratic?

Answer 54

1946