CHN II Flashcards
(337 cards)
1
Q
Any microorganisms capable of producing a disease
e.g., bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites.
A
INFECTIOUS AGENT
2
Q
Environment or object in which organism can survive or multiply
e.g., Human ,animals, fomites, soil, water
A
RESERVOIR
3
Q
CHAIN OF INFECTION
A
Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit/ Mode of escape
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host
4
Q
Venue or way which organism leaves the reservoir
Alimentary: Vomiting, diarrhea, biting
Respiratory: Coughing, sneezing, talking
Genitory-Urinary: Sexual - Transmission
Transplacental: Mother to Fetus
Skin:I Skin lesion, cut, blood
A
PORTAL OF EXIT/ MODE OF ESCAPE
5
Q
Direct/Indirect Droplet
Particles: >5 mm
Distances: 3 feet
A
Contact
6
Q
Respiratory secretions
Fine Particles: <5mm
More than 3ft distance
All droplets can be airborne (PTB)
A
Airborne
7
Q
Carrier
e.g., Food, water, medication
A
Vehicle
8
Q
Carrier
Insects; Mosquito
A
Vector
9
Q
-Ingestion, Inhalation, Penetration
A
PORTAL OF ENTRY
10
Q
-At risk -Infant & Children
-Old people -Immunocompromised
A
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
11
Q
-Entry until first s/sx
-Person is unaware of impending illness
A
INCUBATION PERIOD
12
Q
-Nonspecific s/sx: Flu-like
-Activates immune response
A
PRODROMAL PERIOD
13
Q
-Specific s/sx
-Pathognomonic sign
A
ACUTE PERIOD
14
Q
-s/sx starts to disappear
-pt regains health
A
CONVALESCENT PERIOD
15
Q
Healthy again.
A
RESOLUTION AGENT
16
Q
-Physical & chemical barriers
-Natural flora
-Skin & mucuous membrane
-oils & sweats
-Cilia
-Gag, cough reflex
A
First line of Defense
17
Q
-Inflammatory response
-Activate cells: B-E-N
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
A
Second line of Defense
18
Q
Redness; increase blood flow
A
Rubor
19
Q
Swelling; Exudation of fluid
A
Tumor
20
Q
Heat; Release of inflammatory Mediators
A
Calor
21
Q
Pain; Stretching of pain receptors
A
dolor
22
Q
Loss of function; Disruption of tissue structure
A
Functio Laesa
23
Q
-Immune response (B-cells & T-cells)
-Specific Protection; Lymphocyres
A
THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
24
Q
-Proteins that destroy familiar antigen
A
ANTIBODIES
25
-Foreign bodies (Microorganism)
ANTIGEN
26
-High resistance; High Antibodies
IMMUNITY
27
TYPES OF IMMUNITY -Organs, tissues, cells of immune system.
INNATE
28
TYPES OF IMMUNITY Immunity that develops during lifetime.
ACQUIRED
29
TYPES OF IMMUNITY In response to an infection or vaccine.
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
30
TYPES OF IMMUNITY -In response to infection
ACTIVE-NATURAL IMMUNITY
30
TYPES OF IMMUNITY-In response to vaccine
ACTIVE-ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
30
TYPES OF IMMUNITY -Breastmilk from Mother IgA & Placenta IgG
PASSIVE-NATURAL IMMUNITY
30
TYPES OF IMMUNITY-After receive antibodies from someone
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
30
TYPES OF IMMUNITY-From medication/ Immunoglobulin
PASSIVE-ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
31
5 ELEMENTS OF STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Handwashing first tier
Gloves: clean & sterile
Gown or Apron
Goggles or Mask
Proper Disposal of sharps
-Do not recap
32
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Causative Agent
Myobacterium Tuberculosis
33
Mode of Transmission: PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Airborne-Droplet (coughing, sneezing)
34
Incubation Period: PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
3-8 weeks
35
Prevention: PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
BCG (Given at Birth)
36
LATENT TB
-Dormant
-Asymptomatic
37
ACTIVE TB
-Afternoon Low grade fever
-Blood in sputum (Hemoptysis)
-Cough (Chronic) > 2weeks
-Decrease in weight
-Evening sweat/ night sweat
38
Confirms the diagnosis of PTB
Definitive Test
SPUTUM SMEAR AND CULTURE aka ACID FAST BACILLI (AFB) STAINING
39
Detects the presence of antibodies
MANTOUX TEST/ TUBERCULIN TEST/ PPD (Purified Protein Derivative)
40
Result of Mantoux test/ PPD
-Within 48-72 hrs
-(+) induration of 10mm or more
-(+) immunocompromised induration of >5mm
41
Determines the presence & extent of the disease/ lesion
CHEST X-RAY
42
-No exposure
-Not infected
CLASS 0
43
-(-) TB exposure
-(-) s/sx
-(-)test
-(-)x-ray
CLASS I
44
-TB Infection (preclinical state)
-(-/+) exposure
-(+)tuberculin test
-(-) s/sx
-(-) x-ray
CLASS II
45
-TB Diseases
-(+)History
-(+)tuberculin test
-(+)s/sx
-(+)sputum
-(+)x-ray
CLASS III
46
-TB inactive
-(+/-) previous therapy
-(+)x-ray of healed TB
-(+) Tuberculin Test
-(-) S/sx
-(-) Smear
CLASS IV
47
-Suspected disease
-diagnosis pending
CLASS V
48
S/E: Orange discoloration of secretion and urine.
RIFAMPICIN
49
When to take: RIFAMPICIN
1st: Empty stomach (best) but can cause gastric irritation
2nd : with food
3rd: at bedtime
50
NRSG ALERT: RIFAMPICIN
Protect drug from light
51
A/E: RIFAMPICIN
Hepatoxicity
52
S/E: Hepatic enzymes elevation
Peripheral neuropathy (competes w/ vit.6 B6 absorption)
ISONIAZID
53
When to take: ISONIAZID
Before meals
54
Prophylaxis: ISONIAZID
10-50 mg
55
Treatment: ISONIAZID
5-100 mg
56
A/E: ISONIAZID
Hepatoxicity
HPN Crises
57
-Rapidly bacteriostatic
-slowly bacteriocidal
-may lead to hyperurecemia
-Arthralgia (Shoulder)
PYRAZINAMIDE
58
When to take:PYRAZINAMIDE
with or without food
59
2 TB DRUGS PHOTOSENSITIVE?
Rifampicin & Pyrazinamide
60
A/E:Pyrazinamide
Hepatoxicity
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
GI Upset
61
Leads to optic neuritis (Red-green discrimination)
-Skin rash
ETHAMBUTOL
62
WHY DO NOT GIVE ETHAMBUTOL TO CHILDREN 6 YRS OR YOUNGER
R: because they cannot reliably monitor Vision.
63
-Renal impairment
-Tinnitus (ringing of the ears)
-Auditory impairment
STREPTOMYCIN
64
Causative agent:TETANUS
clostridium tetani
65
Excretes toxins:
-Destruction
-Weak toxin
-Lysis of blood
TETANOLYSIN
66
Excretes toxins:
-Type of neurotoxins
-Cause muscle spasm
TETANOSPASMIN
67
Mode of transmission: TETANUS
Enters skin via non-intact skin
68
Incubation period:TETANUS
3 days to 1 month
69
Prevention: TETANUS
-TT Vaccination
-Health education
70
Pathognomonic sign: TETANUS
Risus-Sardonicus/Sardonic smile/ grin
-Facial nerve affected
71
S/SX: SPASM
Involuntary muscle contraction
Dangerous: Laryngeal Muscle
72
S/SX: TRISMUS
Trigemiinal nerve (lock jaw)
Opisthotonus (arching of the back)
Risus-Sardonicus/Sardonic smile/ grin
73
Nursing Responsibility: Lock jaw
NGT/ TPN
74
Nursing Responsibility:-Opisthotonus (arching of the
-Side lying
75
DOC: TETANUS
PENICILLIN
METRONIDAZOLE
76
A/E: Disulfiram-like reaction: TETANUS DOC
METRONIDAZOLE
77
DISULFIRAM -LIKE REACTION:
-Anxiety
-Blurred Vision
-Choking/ chest pain
-DOB
-Flushing of face
-Headache
-Sweating
-Vomiting
78
NURSING MANAGEMENT: TETANUS
1.Non-stimulating environment
Quiet and Dim
2.Tracheostomy -spasm
3.Cardiac Monitor
79
Causative agent: POLIOMYELITIS
Legio Debilitans
I.Brunhilde
II.Lansing
III.Leon
80
OTHER NAME OF POLIOMYELITIS
(Heins-Medin Disease)
81
Mode of transmission: POLIOMYELITIS
FECAL-ORAL
82
Prevention: POLIOMYELITIS
-OPV- Sabin V (NPO to promote absorption)
-IPV- Salk V sanitation
-SANITATION
83
ABORTIVE POLIO
-localized
-Sore throat
-Tonsilitis
-Enlarged cervical lymph nodes
84
NON-PARALYTIC POLIO
-Systemic
-Flu-like symptoms
85
PARALYTIC POLIO
-Reaches Spinal cord
-Painful muscle spasm usually one sided.
-damaged neurons (Asymmetrical paralysis)
86
BULBAR POLIO
-reaches the brain
-Brainstem (Pons, medulla oblongata)
-Respiratory paralysis
-HPN (silent killer)
87
MANAGEMENT: POLIO
-Analgesic
-penicillin
-no to opiods
-Aggrevate Respiratory (Demerol Paralysis)
88
NRSG MANAGEMENT: POLIO
-Sanitation
89
Causative agent: CHICKEN POX
Varicella-Zoster Virus, Herpes Virus
90
Other name of chicken pox
(VARICELLA)
91
reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus
Herpes Zoster
92
Herpes Zoster
-Stress
-Same manifestation w/ severe pain & tenderness along posterior nerve.
93
Mode of Transmission: Chicken Pox
Direct Contact
94
Incubation period: Chicken Pox
2-3 weeks
95
Prevention: Chicken Pox
Active immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine
96
S/sx: Chicken pox
-Trunkal--> rashes-->macule-->papule--> vesicle-->scabs-->full off-->Shallow pink depression
-(+) fever peaking on 2-4 days
97
Management: Chicken Pox
Aziclovir 800 mg 3x/ day
98
Supportive management: Chicken Pox
Antipyretic
Short fingernails
Isolation & Airborne precautions
99
Causative agent: MUMPS
Mumps Virus (Rubivirus)
100
Mode of transmission: MUMPS
direct contact by airbornee, droplet or fomites contaminated by saliva.
101
Incubation period: MUMPS
12-26 days life long immunity after recovery.
102
Prevention: MUMPS
MMR (12-15 month; Booster dose: 4-6 years)
103
S/sx: MMR
Asymptomatic in 30-40% cases
-Fever -anorexic
-malaise -swollen, painful, &
tender parotid glands
-Affecting submaxillary &
sublingual glands
104
Complications: mumps
-Epididymorchitis
-Meningoecephalitis
-Oophoritis
-Pancreatitis
105
Supportive management:
Comfort Measure, isolation & droplet precaution.
106
Causative Agent: MEASLES
Filterable virus
genus: Morbillivirus Family Paramyxoviridae
107
Mode of transmission: MEASLES
Direct contact with infectious airborne droplet.
108
Incubation period: MEASLES
8-12 DAYS
109
Prevention: MEASLES
MMR
110
S/Sx:MEASLES
initially an upper respiratory condition characterized by escalating fever (Peak 3-5 days)
111
Pathognomonic sign: MEASLES
Koplik’’s Sign: Graying peck in the buccal mucosa- 2nd day
112
MANAGEMENT: MEASLES
Supportive measures
Anti-pyretic with fluids
Vitamin A supplement
113
Causative Agent: DIPTHERIA
Corynebacterium Diptheria (Klebs-Loeffer Bacillus)
114
HIGH PREVALANCE OF DIPTHERIA DURING:
Cooler months (December-February)
115
KNOWN AS EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS
MUMPS
116
Mode of transmission: DIPTHERIA
-Direct or Intimate contact with carrier
-indirect contact with articles, food, & environment contaminated with discharge from nose, skin, eyes, or lesion on body parts of infected person.
117
Incubation period: DIPTHERIA
2-5 days
118
s/sx: DIPTHERIA
Low grade fever
Pseudomembrane
Nasal
Facial & Pharyngeal
Laryngeal
119
Management: DIPTHERIA
Isolaton: until (-) nose or throat culture
Antibiotic
Bed rest 2-3 weeks
Nutrition & hydration
Gas exchange
120
Diagnosis: DIPTHERIA
Specimen Culture
121
Causative agent: FLU
Influenza Virus (A,B,C)
122
Mode of transmission: FLU
Direct contact by mouth & nose
Droplet secretions (Upper airway)
123
Incubation period: FLU
3-5 days
124
Prevention: FLU
HIB, Influenza Vaccine
125
S/sx: FLU
-Bodyache -chills
-dry cough -fever
-headache -Pharyngitis
126
Supportive measures: flue
Anti-pyretic
Analgesics
Fluids
Rest
Vit. A Supplement
127
Causative agent: pertussis/ whooping cough
Hemophilus Pertussis
Bordetella Pertussis
Bordet Gengou Bacillus
128
Mode of transmission: pertussis
Respiratory secretions
Droplet-airborne
Fomites
129
***Highly contagious except: PERTUSSIS
3rd Phase
130
ncubation period: PERTUSSIS
6-20 Days
131
Prevention:
DPT Vaccine & Mask
132
1st phase: PERTUSSIS
(1-2 weeks)
Common cold
133
2nd phase: PERTUSSIS
(Month or longer)
No fever
Mid-cough- severe, violent & productive
134
3rd phase: PERTUSSIS
Decrease frequency & severity of coughing
135
Pathognomonic sign : PERTUSSIS
WHOOPING COUGH
136
Causative Agent: RUBELLA
Rubella Virus
137
Mode of transmission: RUBELLA
Airborne-Droplet
138
Incubation period: RUBELLA
12-19 days
139
Prevention: RUBELLA
MMR & MASK
140
S/sx: RUBELLA
A-C-E H-E-L-P
Arthralgia (joint pain)
Coryza (runny nose)
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes
Headache
Eyes (Red & itchy)
Low grade fever
Pink rash (begins at the face- trunk-arm-legs)
141
causative agent: DENGUE
-Dengue virus: 1,2,3,4
-O’nyong nyong
142
CAUSATIVE AGENT OF DENGUE (MILD)
Chikungunya Virus
143
Mode of transmission: DENGUE
Aedes Aegypti
144
GRADE I: MILD (DENGUE)
Enters the bloodstream
Decrease Immune response
Increase Bradykinin
Increase Prostalandin
Histamine (Flushes skin)
(Herman’s sign)
145
PAIN: DENGUE
Head
Abdomen
Muscle
Joints
Bone
146
GRADE 2: DENGUE
***Grade 1 + Spontaneous Bleeding
Gums
Hematemesis
Epistaxis
Melena (no dark colored food & drinks)
147
GRADE 3: DENGUE
Shock
Bleeding (Plasma Leakage)
Increase HCT (due to concentration of our blood)
Low BP
High HR
High RR
Pulse pressure (narrow)
148
GRADE 4: DENGUE
PROFOUND SHOCK
Undetectable BP/pulse
ICU denguq shock syndrome
149
Diagnostic test:DENGUE
Tornique test/ Rumpeel-Leads test
150
-Check vascular resistance
-Screening test
Tornique test/ Rumpeel-Leads test
151
HOW TO PERFORM TORNIQUE TEST
A.Check BP
B.Solve for mid systolic-diastolic pressure: S+D/ 2
C.Re-inflate BP cuff for atleast 5 minutes
152
WHAT TO CHECK AFTER TORNIQUE TEST
Check: petechiae (weak vessel)
Positive: >20
Negative: <20
153
Most important treatment: DENGUE
Isotonic solution (fluid replacement)
LR & NSS
154
NURSING MANAGEMENT: DENGUE
Rest
Ice (bleeding)
Diet: No to dark colored food/ drink
155
Supoortive Management: DENGUE
Paracetamol (fever & pain)
No ASPIRIN!!! X
156
PREVENTION: 4’S OF DENGUE
Search & Destroy breeding site
Self-protection
Seek early consultation
Say yes to discriminate fogging
157
Causative agent: MALARIA
Plasmodium Protozoa/Ovale
P. Vivax
P. Malariae
P. Falciparum (most fatal)
Anopheles (female)
Sporozoites : Liver (egg)
Merozoites:
Attacks liver (RBCs)
Severe Anemia
158
Cold stage:MALARIA
-chills
-clatter teeth
159
Hot stage: MALARIA
4-6 hours
-Increase fever
-Headache
-Malaise
160
Diaphoretic stage: MALARIA
2-4 HOURS
-Wet (sweating)
161
Diagnosis: MALARIA
Blood smear (hot stage)
-Collect blood
162
Management: MALARIA
Artemether lumefantrine
-1st line
-Fast-acting
163
DOC:severe malaria
Quinine (IM/IV)
164
Common anti-malarial drug:
CHLOROQUINE
165
Position of Choice: malaria
Supine position
-Maintain for 1 hour
166
Nursing Responsibility: anti-malarial drug
*Do not administer drug for more than 1 week. Can cause CINCHONISM
167
Do not administer drug for more than 1 week. because?
CINCHONISM
Headache
Tinnitus
Decrease hearing
N/V
Visual disturbances
Dysphoria
168
Follow up drug for MALARIA
PRIMAQUINE
169
FILARIASIS aka _____
Elephantiasis
170
CAUSATIVE AGENT: FILARIASIS
Wuchureria Bancrofti
Brugia Malayi
Brugia Timori
Aedes Poecilles
171
Diagnosis: filariasis
NBF (NOCTURNAL BLOOD EXAM)
-After 8 pm
ICT (IMMUNO CHROMATOGRAPHIC TEST)
-Daytime
172
DOC: FILARIASIS
Hetrazan (Diethylcarbamazine Citrate)
173
Causative agent: TYPHOID FEVER
Salmonella Typhi (bacteria)
174
Mode of transmission: TYPHOID FEVER
Fecal-Oral
Urine
175
S/sx: TYPHOID FEVER
Fever (high & low) Step/ladder like
GI (Anorexia, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea)
Peyer’s Patches (WBC)- Guards to microbes that enters.
Intestinal Bleeding- severe abdominal pain
176
Pathognomonic sign: TYPHOID FEVER
ROSE SPOTS (Evanescent Rash)
177
COMPLICATIONS OF TYPHOID FEVER
Perforation (boardlike abdomen)
Bradycardia- toxin affects the heart
178
Diagnosis: TYPHOID FEVER
-Stool exam- period of communicability
-Blood exam- typhi dot (Rapid test)
-Test Antibody: IgM (Acute); IgG (Convalescence)
-Blood Culture: CONFIRMATORY
results: Weeks
-Widal’s Test:old test: blood test
Antigen: H= Post-infection
O= Acute infection
V= Convalescent (carrier)
179
DOC: TYPHOID FEVER
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
180
Management for typhoid fever
CHLORAMPHENICOL (Chloromycetin)
181
Causative agent: Rabies
Rhabdo Virus : Bullet Shaped Virus
182
Mode of Transmission: rabies
Vectorborne (dog)
-Animal bite
-Mammals
Scratch, Tissue Transplant, Airborne = Rare
183
Diagnosis: RABIES
Observe (10-14 days) if dog is alive on 15th day (-) rabies
Brain Biopsy (Negri Bodies) The classic histopathologic feature
Fluorescent antibody test -Confirmatory test
Fluorescent Microscope: Apple
Green (Fluorescent)
184
INVASIVE STAGE: RABIES
-Virus reaches the brain
-prodromal s/sx
Fever, headache, photophobia
185
EXCITEMENT STAGE: RABIES
Hydrophobia- Laryngospasm; water
Aerophobia- Air
Manical Behaviour- Unfamiliar with people
186
PARALYTIC STAGE: RABIES
Generalized Paralysis
Respiratory Paralysis
187
MANAGEMENT: RABIES
-wash the wound with soap & water for 10 minutes
-Then betadine
188
Tetanus Prophylaxis
Rabies Immunization
-ID/IM
-5 Doses
-Day 0, 3, 7, 14, 28
-Active immunization
189
Causative agent: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Schistosoma Japonicum (S. Mansoni)
190
Mode of transmission: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
Snail: Planorbidae Snail
191
Endemic Places: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
-Region 5 (Bicol)
-Region 8 (Samar & Leyte)
-R-11: Davao
192
S/SX:
DOC: SCHISTOSOMIASIS
DOC: PRAZIQUANTEL
S/SX:
-DIARRHEA
-BLOODY STOOL
-SPLENOMEGALY
-HEPATOMEGALY
ANEMIA/ ABD ENLARGEMENT
-WEAKNESS
193
LEPTOSPIROSIS AKA____
Weils Disease; Trench Fever; Mud Fever; Flood fever; Spiroketal Jaundice; Japanese Seven days Fever.
194
Causative Agent: LEPTOSPIROSIS
Leptospira Interrogans
195
Incubation Period: LEPTOSPIROSIS
7-19 days; Average of 10 days
196
Mode of transmission: LEPTOSPIROSIS
Non-intact (wound with water)
Moist soil contaminated with urine of infected host
197
LEPTOSPIREMIC PHASE
Blood
CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)
Onset:
Abrupt
Fever
Headache
Myalgia
N/V
Cough & Chest Pain
198
IMMUNE PHASE: LEPTOSRISOS
-Correlates w/ circulating IgM
199
Culture: Confirmatory Test (LEPTOSPIROSIS)
PCR (Positive Polymerase Chain Reaction) Blood or Urine.
200
TREATMENT: LEPTOSPIROSIS
PENICILLIN (IM/IV)
TETRACYCLINE (Doxycycline)
@ 100mg every 12 hours; PO
ERYTHROMYCIN-allergic to penicillin
201
Prevention: LEPTOSPIROSIS
Health education: At risk
Farmers & Miners: For awareness
Early Diagnosis
Early Treatment
Use of protective clothing
-Boots -Gloves
Community wide RAT
-Eradication Program
Report all cases of Leptospirosis
202
Causative agent: SCABIES
SARCOPTES SCABIEI (Parasite)
203
Mode of transmission: SCABIES
Prolonged skin-to-skin contact indirect contacts (fomites)
-Bedding
-Towels
-Clothing
204
Incubation period: SCABIES
2-6 weeks
205
Pathognomonic sign: SCABIES
Severe itching (Pruritis)
-at night severe
-Earliest & most common symptom
206
Common site: Papular (pimple like); scabies rash
Between Fingers
207
DOC:scabies rash
PERMETHRIN (TOPICAL)
-Every 2-3 days (1-2 weeks)
Papule ---> Crusted
208
Causative agent: HIV
Retrovirus-Human T-cells Lymphotrophic - 3
209
Opportunistic Infections (Immunocompromised): HIV
1.Pneumocytis Jiroveci Pneumonia
-no.1 killer
-Non-productive cough & dyspnea
-DOBplex
2.Cytomegalyvirus (CMV)
-Mild visual impairment
-poor peripheral vision
-Blindness
-watery diarrhea
-Weight loss
3.Toxoplasmosis
-Protozoa
-Focal neurological symptoms:
Headache
Seizure
Lethargy
Focal Encephalitis
4.Candida Albicans
-Fungi
-Infection
-Cottage-cheese Like discharge
-Oral thrush
-Vagina
-Mouth, esophagus
5.Herpes Simplex
-Tingling & Burning site of lesion --> Blisters
210
TREATMENT: HIV
ANTI-VIRAL AGENT
Retrovir (Zidovudine)
Nevirapine (Viramune)
Crixivan
211
Causative agent: GONORRHEA
Neisseria Gonorrheae (bacteria)
212
GONORRHEA AKA ____
(GC, CLAP, DRIP)
213
DOC: GONORRHEA
Single Dose 500mg (IM) Ceftriaxone
214
Causative agent: SYPHILIS
Bacteria: Treponema Pallidum
215
SYPHILIS AKA ____
(SY. Bad Blood;The Pox)
216
S/SX OF SYHPHILIS
Primary stage
-Painless chancre (Sore)
Secondary stage
-1 week- 6 months
-Patchy hair loss
Rash
Sore throat
-Swollen glands
Stage Syphilis
No symptoms- no indication of damage to body organs (brain & heart)
217
Diagnosis: SYPHILIS
Dark field illumination test
Kalm Test
218
Causative agent: CHLAMYDIA
Chlamydia Tranchomatis (bacterial)
219
INCUBATION PERIOD OF CHLAMYDIA
2-3 weeks (Males)
Usually asymptomatic (females)
220
S/SX
MALE
-Discharge in penis
-Burning & itching opening (Urethral)
-Urination: Burning Sensation
FEMALE
-Sometimes (discharge)
-Vagina (burning & itching)
-Abdominal Pain
-Later: Fever
221
Diagnosis: CHLAMYDIA
Culture
222
Causative agent: TRICHOMONIASIS (Trich)
Trichomonas Vaginalis
223
Incubation: TRICHOMONIASIS (Trich)
4-20 days; average 7 days
224
S/sx: TRICHOMONIASIS (Trich)
Female: Greenish yellow discharge, Foul
Male: Clear Discharge
Treatment:
225
Complications: TRICHOMNIASIS
Female: Possible cervical cancer
226
Thermometer: Manner of wiping before use?
Cleanest to dirtiest
Bulb to stem
227
Temperature: Best route
1st :Tympanic
2nd : ORAL (2-3 minutes)
228
Temperature: Safest route?
1st :Tympanic
2nd: Axilla (5-8 minutes)
229
Temperature: Fastest route?
1st :Tympanic
2nd: Rectal (1 minute)
230
Thermometer Route:
ORAL (2-3 minutes): Best route
Axilla (5-8 minutes): Safest route
Rectal (1 minute): Fastest route
****obsolete***
BEST, SAFEST, FASTEST: Tympanic
231
Domains of Learning
Cognitive: Knowledge
-(benefits of breastfeeding, BF: Lecture)
Psychomotor: Skills
-Action word verb
-Lecture: How to carry baby
Affective:
-Attitude, behavior, & feelings
-What worries you?
232
Test to determine the presence of Glucosoria
Benedict's test
233
How to collect specimen for GDM test?
Benedict's test
-Midstream/ before meals; early morning
234
How to perform Benedict's test?
2x Heat
-Benedict's solution: 5ml
-Heat: not boil
-Urine: 8-10 gtts/drops
-Heat
235
Results of Benedict's test:
B-G-Y-O B-R
Blue: Normal
Green: + (1+)
Yellow: ++ (2+)
Orange: +++ (3+)
Blue green: Traces
Red/Brick Red: ++++ (4+)
236
Where to place PHN Bag?
Flat surface
1st : Table
2nd: chair
3rd: bed
237
Workfield PHN Bag
-Paperlining (clean side: inner surface) facing up
1st: Manila paper
2nd: Old newspaper
238
Number of times to open PHN bag?
2-3x (the lower the better)
239
to prevent contamination of the bag’s content
Handwashing
240
prevent contamination of the bag
Paperlining
241
to protect the uniform
Apron
242
to prevent contamination of the clean working space
Waste Receptacle
243
-study of disease prevention, occurrence, distribution
-Backbone of disease prevention
EPIDEMIOLOGY
244
when is the best time to conduct study of disease prevention, occurrence, distribution?
Pre-Pathogenic AKA well
245
excrete disposal: Pit Latrine
Level I. Non-H20 use
246
Excreta Disposal:
septic tank →sewerage →treatment
III. h20 carriage
247
Excreta Disposal: Pour-flush, Aqua privy
I. Minimal H2O use
248
Excreta Disposal: Septic vault/Tank
II. H2O Carriage
249
Excreta Disposal: flush type
II. H2O sealed
250
Distance between water source and toilet:
: 25 – 35 meters away
251
phase of home visit:
-Planning, Records Review
Preparatory (before)
252
phase of home visit:
Reports
post-visit (after)
253
phase of home visit:
performing nsg. procedures; health teaching
Actual home visit (During)
254
Tool and procedure with ease and deftness saving time and effort.
BAG TECHNIQUE
255
tool and Equipment with basic medications and articles
PHN Bag
256
Most important point in the use of PHN bag:
*it should contain all necessary articles
257
Arrangement of PHN Bag
depends on the convenience of the user
258
PHN bag contents is inside except?
*BP-Apparatus
259
Principle of bag technique
it should prevent spread of infection
260
Rationale: to render effective nursing care
Bag technique
261
waste segregation: non-biodegradable
black
262
waste segregation: biodegradable
green
263
waste segregation: infectious
yellow
264
waste segregation: hazardous, radioactive
orange
265
health education strategy: 1 WAY
Lecture
266
health education strategy: 2 way
Discussion
267
health education strategy: providing skills and knowledge
Demonstration
268
health education strategy: providing message by acting out
Role playing
269
Classification of Food Establishment: Excellent
Class A
270
Classification of Food Establishment: Very satisfaction
Class B
271
Classification of Food Establishment: Satisfactory
Class C
272
Immunity: Maternal transfer of antibodies "Mom-Baby"
Natural Passive Immunity
273
Immunity:
Anti-toxin
Administered globulin
Artificial Passive immunity
274
Immunity:
Disease experienced e.g., flur, virus
Natural active immunity
275
Immunity:
Complete doses of toxoid and vaccines
Artificial Active
276
two types of immunity
Natural and artificial
Passive and Active
277
purpose: to determine DENGUE
CAPILLARY FRAGILITY TEST a.k.a. Rumpel-Leed’s Test/ Tourniquet Test
278
Stepd to perform Capillary fragility test
1st: BP cuff – apply snuggly above/over brachial artery
2nd: Baseline formula : S+D/ 2
3rd: Inflation time: 5 mins
4th: Observe below the BP cuff in the area called the ANTECUBITAL FOSSA
5th: Imaginary square 1inch 2 (1 square inch)
6th: Count the petechiae/rashes: 20 or more spots indicate PROBABLE DENGUE
279
4 rights of food sanitation
S-P-C-S
Source
Preparation
Cooking
Storage
280
room temperature that leads to spoilage
(10-60°C)
281
temperature of refrigerator
(<10°C)
282
temperature of heating
(>60°C)
283
Purpose: to determine PIH PROTEINURIA/ALBUMINURIA
HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST
284
How to collect the urine HEAT AND ACETIC TEST
midstream and before meal, early morning
285
Steps to perform HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST
Urine: 2/3 of the tube
Heat: (do not boil)
Acetic Acid: few drops (3 -5 gtts/drops)
****heat once (1)
286
Results for HEAT AND ACETIC ACID TEST
CLEAR – normal ( no CHON/PROTEIN in the urine)
CLOUDY -(+) Abnormal w/ proteinuria/albuminuria CHON
*repeat the procedure to VERIFY
287
-Extension of service of the clinic
-Professional face-to-face contact between nurse & client
HOME VISIT
288
color of Umbrella?
1st: Black: a neutral color
2nd: Next best option: dark color i.e. maroon
289
Principles of Home visit
P-I-I-T-A-N
P – Priorities should be based on needs
(Physical, Psychological, Educational)
I – it should have a purpose/objective
I – it should make use of available information
(records review or case follow-up/
I/FTR)
T – the plan of home visit must be practical and flexible
A – activities should involve the family members
N – no definite rule regarding frequency of home visit
290
to determine GLUCOSURIA without heating
more convenient than benedict's test
CLINITEST
291
Procedure to do Clinitest
Clinitest tablet – 1 tab
Urine – 5 gtts
H2O – 10 gtts
**Results: check the color in the CARD
Same interpretation with benedict's test
292
Dependent age group
0-14 y.o./60 y.o.
293
Productive age group
15-59 y.o.
294
Reproductive age group
15-49 y.o.
295
Water sanitation: Unapproved Sources
Open dug wells
Wells that need priming
Unimproved springs
296
H20 Sanitation: Approved Types
P-S-O
I. Point-source: improved springs;
disinfected wells
II. Shared source: communal faucet; stand post (poso)
III. Own source: H20 works system; pipeline connection
297
Approved Types:
improved springs;
disinfected wells
I. Point-source
**Disinfect atleast once a year
298
Approved Types:
communal faucet;
stand post (poso)
II. Shared source
299
Approved Types:
H20 works system;
pipeline connection
III. Own Individualized source:
300
How many cottonballs will you utilized AFTER USE?
7 Cotton balls
301
How many cottonballs will you utilized on the overall thermometer technique?
9 cotton balls
302
thermometer: Wiping before reading
-cleanest – dirtiest
-(stem to bulb)
-dry cottonball without friction
303
thermometer: Wiping after use
-cleanest – dirtiest
-(stem to bulb)
-downward, spiral, circular motion
304
3 agents used for the thermometer technique
Agents: after use
1st – soap for cleansing (3x CB's to wipe)
2nd – H2O/Water for rinsing (3x CB's to
wipe)
3rd – Alcohol for disinfecting (1x CB's to
wipe)
305
Types of Epidemic: one-time only
Short-time Fluctuation
a. Point-source – common source of the disease
b. Propagated – transmission
305
Types of Epidemic: recurrent fluctuation; Period and season
-e.x. dengue in the Philippines (rainy season: may to November)
Cyclic Variation
306
Types of Epidemic: long term fluctuation; increasing through years
-e.x. HIV-AIDS
Secular Variation
307
Type of short Short-time Fluctuation epidemic where common source of the disease
point-source
308
Type of short Short-time Fluctuation epidemic where there is transmission of disease
Propagated
309
to determine perfusion and circulatory failure
CAPILLARY REFILL TEST aka Nail Blanch Test
310
Procedure of CAPILLARY REFILL TEST
-Place hand above heart level
-Remove nail polish
-apply pressure/ blanch nail until it becomes white
-Release the pressure
-Count the number of seconds until it returns to original color (pink)
311
results of CAPILLARY REFILL TEST
<3 seconds (0-2) : NORMAL
>3 seconds or more:
-Slow return
-Circulatory failure
312
Study of vital events
Vital statistics
313
What are the Vital events?
-Birth: Fertility
-marriage
-separation (annulment, Divorce)
-Migration
-Disease: Morbidity
-Death: Mortality
314
Clinic Visit Phases:
1. Preconsultation
2. Medical Examination
3. Nursing Intervention
4. Post consultation
315
Clinic Visit Phases:
Assist the MD in performing the check-up procedure
Assist the patient to ensure
o Safety
o Comfort
o Privacy
2. Medical Examination
316
Clinic Visit Phases:
Reinforcement: Summary prior to discharge
Referral
Set appointment to the next check-up
o Can be at clinic or at home
4. Post consultation
317
Clinic Visit Phases:
Carry-out orders
Health education (specific needs/topics)
Seek info about health condition of other family members
3. Nursing Intervention
318
Clinic Visit Phases:
Admission: first come, first serve = give number; greet client
Assessment: data-gathering
o Chief complaint/Health history
o Vital signs
o Laboratory test
Pre-clinic lecture (general health teaching)
1. Preconsultation
319
Study of the population (characteristics)
DEMOGRAPHY
320
sample (selected people)
Sampling technique
"Clustered Sampling"
Survey
321
Population (all 100%)
Census
322
PSA
Philippine Statistics Authority
323
-protection of the community; against particular disease
-representing immunity & susceptibility levels
Herd Immunity
90% or more the better is only acceptable
324
on and off, intermittent, seasonal:
low cases
Sporadic: S < I
325
continuous, constant, regular:
Low cases
Endemic: S = I
326
sudden outbreak/increase (local):
high cases
Epidemic: S > I
327
global outbreak; worldwide epidemic: High cases
Pandemic: S > I
328
it indicates the state of health of the community and the success or failure of healthwork.
Morbidity & Mortality Rates
329
Best indicator of morbidity or mortality
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
330
It reflect general health condition/Environment
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
331
zero or decrease IMR would mean
healthy community
332
