CHP 11 - WSD

Question 1

Subjects are assigned to more than one treatment condition.

Answer 1

Within-Subject Design

Question 2

Power is an experiment’s ability to detect the independent variable’s effect on the dependent variable.

Answer 2

Statistical Concept of Power

Question 3

is an experiment’s ability to detect the independent variable’s effect on the dependent variable.

Answer 3

Power

Question 4

Is desirable when it allows us to detect practically significant differences between the experimental conditions.

Answer 4

Statistical Power

Question 5

Where excessive power detects meaningless differences between treatment conditions.

Answer 5

Point of diminishing returns

Question 6

In a within-subjects experiment, researchers measure subjects on the dependent variable after each treatment.

Answer 6

Repeated-Measure Design

Question 7

Subjects participate in more than one treatment condition and serve as their own control.

Answer 7

Within-Subjects Design

Question 8

We compare their performance on the dependent variable across conditions to determine whether there is a treatment effect.

Answer 8

Within subject Design

Question 9

assigns subjects to all levels of two or more independent variables.

Answer 9

Within-Subject Factorial Design

Question 10

Is an experiment where there is at least one between subjects and one within-subjects variable.

Answer 10

Mixed Design

Question 11

What are the advantages of within-subjects designs?

Answer 11

▪ use fewer subjects
▪ save time on training
▪ greater statistical power
▪controls extraneous subject variables
▪ more complete record of subjects’ performance

Question 12

What are the disadvantages of within-subjects designs?

Answer 12

▪ subjects participate longer
▪ resetting equipment may consume time
▪ treatment conditions may interfere with
each other
▪ treatment order may confound results

Question 13

Two major counterbalancing strategies:

Answer 13

subject-by-subject counterbalancing

across-subjects counterbalancing

Question 14

when one treatment condition precludes another due to interference

Answer 14

Within Subject Design can’t be used

Question 15

are positive (practice) and negative (fatigue) performance changes due to a condition’s position in a series of treatments

Answer 15

Order effects

Question 16

encompasses both positive and negative order effects.

Answer 16

Progressive Error

Question 17

a method of controlling order effects by distributing progressive error across different treatment conditions.

Answer 17

Counterbalancing

Question 18

which controls progressive error for each subject

Answer 18

subject-by-subject counterbalancing

Question 19

which distributes progressive error across all subjects

Answer 19

Across-subjects counterbalancing

Question 20

form of progressive error where performance declines on the DV due to tiredness, boredom, or irritation.

Answer 20

Fatigue effect

Question 21

A fatigue effect is form of_________________ where performance declines on the DV due to tiredness, boredom, or irritation

Answer 21

progressive error

Question 22

Subject performance on the dependent variable may improve across the conditions of a within-subjects experiment and these positive changes are called?

Answer 22

Practice effects

Question 23

may be due to relaxation, increased familiarity with the equipment or task, development of problem-solving strategies, or discovery of the purpose of the experiment.

Answer 23

Practice effect

Question 24

We can’t eliminate this because there is an order as soon as we present two or more treatments.

Answer 24

order effects

Question 25

controls progressive error for each subject by presenting all treatment conditions more than once.

Answer 25

Subject by subject counterbalancing

Question 26

Two subject-by-subject counterbalancing techniques:

Answer 26

Reverse counterbalancing Block randomization

Question 27

we administer treatments twice in a mirror-image sequence, for example, ABBA.

Answer 27

Reverse counterbalancing

Question 28

When this is linear, it progressively changes across the experiment so that A and B have the same amount of this

Answer 28

Progressive error

Question 29

which can be curvilinear (inverted-U) or nonmonotonic (changes direction), cannot be graphed as a straight line.

Answer 29

Nonlinear progressive error

Question 30

only controls for linear progressive error

Answer 30

Reverse counterbalancing

Question 31

When progressive error increases in a straight line, this method actually?

Answer 31

Confounds the experiment

Question 32

is a subject-by-subject counterbalancing technique where researchers assign each subject to several complete blocks of treatments.

Answer 32

Block randomization

Question 33

consists of a random sequence of all treatments, so that each of this presents the treatments in a different order.

Answer 33

Block

Question 34

presents each treatment several times, this can result in long-duration, expensive, or boring procedures. This problem is compounded as the experimenter increases the number of treatment

Answer 34

subject-by-subject counterbalancing

Question 35

techniques present each treatment once and controls progressive error by distributing it across all subjects

Answer 35

Across-subjects counterbalancing

Question 36

Two techniques:

Answer 36

Complete and partial counterbalancing

Question 37

uses all possible treatment sequences an equal number of times. Researchers randomly assign each subject to one of these sequences.

Answer 37

Complete counterbalancing

Question 38

is a form of across-subjects counterbalancing, where we present only some of the possible (N!) orders.

Answer 38

Partial counterbalancing

Question 39

Two partial counterbalancing techniques are:

Answer 39

randomized partial counterbalancing Latin square counterbalancing

Question 40

usually preferable when you need to control large individual differences or have a small number of subjects. However, it may not be feasible if the experiment is long or there is a risk of asymmetrical carryover.

Answer 40

Within-subject design

Question 41

it may not be feasible if the experiment is long or there is a risk of?

Answer 41

asymmetrical carryover

Question 42

These occur when the treatment condition affect each other.

Answer 42

Carryover Effects

Question 43

can be controlled adequately by using within subjects design or complete counterbalancing

Answer 43

Carryover Effects

Question 44

A mixed design contains at least one_______________ and one _______________ variable

Answer 44

Between-subject; within subject

Question 45

Why can’t reverse counterbalancing control for nonlinear progressive error?

Answer 45

It assumes changes in performance are linear

Question 46

A design approach used when complete counterbalancing is not feasible, involving only some of the possible sequen

Answer 46

Partial counterbalancing