CHP 15 Flashcards
(31 cards)
when the effects on the dependent variable are due to the independent variable.
Internally valid
An internally valid experiment is free of
Confounding
evaluates how well the experimenter manipulated the experimental situation.
Manipulation check
determines whether subjects followed directions and were appropriately affected by our treatments
Manipulation check
expect their data to be discarded if they guess the experimental hypothesis, and don’t volunteer this information to the experimenter.
Subjects
don’t want to test additional subjects and may take subject reports at face value
Experiment
subjects after the experiment and convey that you want to know if they guessed the hypothesis.
Debrief
Provide incentives for guessing the hypothesis
Debrief
Which mistakes could produce this threat
to internal validity?
Selecting the wrong statistical test
Using a t-test to analyze ordinal data.
Improperly using a statistical test
Calculating multiple t-tests.
Drawing the wrong conclusions from the test
Reporting p = .07 as a trend.
when its findings can be extended to other situations and populations
External validity
What two requirements must an externally valid study satisfy?
- The experiment must be internally valid.
- The experimental findings can be replicated
critical to the external validity and usefulness of experimental findings
Generalizing across subjects
The samples used in psychological research are
often?
Biased
may not always represent
Samples
Explain generalizing from procedures to concepts. Why is this is a problem in research?
We cannot be sure of the reliability or validity of our procedures
when its findings clarify or extend knowledge gained from previous studies and raise implications for broader theoretical issues
Research Significance
When should we question novel findings?
when they contradict prior findings that have been successfully replicated.
We want to generalize beyond the laboratory to?
increase the external validity of our findings
are uncontrolled in real world setting and operate in complex combinations, they can modify the influence of our individual variables
Extraneous variables
more precise control of extraneous variables and the field experiment’s greater realism and external validity
Trade off between laboratory
Researchers can increase and verify the external validity of laboratory findings using
aggregation, multivariate designs, nonreactive measurements, field experiments, and naturalistic observation
the grouping together and averaging of data to increase external validity.
Aggregation
Combining the results of experiments with different subjects and methodologies increases the generality and external validity of our findings
Aggregation
uses statistical analysis to combine and quantify data from many comparable experiments to calculate an average effect size
Meta-analysis
