Chp 2-4, 17 Test

Question 1

Types of bonds in water molecules (between H and O)

Answer 1

Polar covalent bonds between Hydrogen and oxygen molecules within the water molecule (the oxygen becomes negative and the hydrogen is positive)

Question 2

Types of bonds in water molecules (between two water molecules)

Answer 2

Hydrogen bonds between the two water molecules (when a water molecule bonds to another water molecule through the hydrogen bonds is cohesion)

Question 3

Ionic bond

Answer 3

the valence electrons are being transferred between a nonmetal and a metal (forms charges metal is positive and nonmetal is negative)

Question 4

Covalent bond

Answer 4

the valence electrons are being shared between non metals to nonmetals
They are stronger than ionic bonds

Question 5

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 5

a bond between the hydrogen attraction (hydrogen will have a slight positive) between an electronegative atom/side of the molecule (normally an electronegative atom such as Oxygen and Nitrogen)

Question 6

Van der Waals interaction bonds

Answer 6

regions of positive and negative charges that stick molecules together, very weak, regions do not necessarily stay in their place at all times (more of an intermolecular force)

Question 7

components of prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

Genetic material, plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, circular DNA (located in the nucleoid region), does not have any membrane bound organelles, they can have plasmids (little circular pieces of DNA that hold a few genes)

Question 8

components of eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

Genetic material, plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, linear DNA (located in the nucleus), membrane bound organelles (R?S ER, Golgi, etc), do not have plasmids

Question 9

plasma membrane

Answer 9

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Question 10

nucleus

Answer 10

a vessel to hold the genetic material

Question 11

nucleolus

Answer 11

produces/synthesizes ribosomes

Question 12

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

helps in the folding process of the proteins that eventually go to the outside of the cell, helps make membranes (membrane synthesis), aids in the synthesis of secretory proteins, also adds carbs to proteins to make glycoproteins

Question 13

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

synthesizes/makes lipids, detoxifies drugs and proteins, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium ions (+2 charge)

Question 14

lysosome

Answer 14

breaks down ingested substances and other cell macromolecules or damaged organelles to recycle them, has lysosomal/hydrolytic enzymes

Question 15

golgi apparatus

Answer 15

sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles, modifies proteins, it can put carbohydrates and attach them to either proteins or lipids, synthesizes polysaccharides

Question 16

peroxisomes

Answer 16

oxidated organelles, vessel that contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to other molecules, makes hydrogen peroxide, breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas

Question 17

mitochondria

Answer 17

“powerhouse of the cell”, site of cellular respiration, makes ATP

Question 18

chloroplast

Answer 18

process is photosynthesis to make sugar/glucose for the cell (glucose=the cells food)

Question 19

cell wall

Answer 19

only in plant, fungi, and prokaryotes; to protect the cell, give the cell structure

Question 20

ribosomes

Answer 20

protein synthesis

Question 21

bonds found in carbohydrates

Answer 21

glycosidic linkage (formed by taking water out)

Question 22

bonds found in lipids

Answer 22

ester linkage (formed between the fatty acid chain and the OH group)

Question 23

bonds found in proteins

Answer 23

peptide bonds

Question 24

bonds found in nucleic acids

Answer 24

phosphodiester(form between the sugar and the phosphate groups on the backbone)

Question 25

when is a covalent bond likely to form

Answer 25

When valence electrons are shared (NM-NM)

Question 26

structure of an amino acid

Answer 26

Needs a central carbon, amino group, carboxyl, a hydrogen, an “R” group

Question 27

what determines amino acid chemical properties

Answer 27

The chemical properties are determined by its “R” group and what amino acid it is

Question 28

structure of a protein

Answer 28

CHON(S), always see an amine group (NH2)on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end

Question 29

structure of a carbohydrate

Answer 29

CH2O, a lot of the time it is a ring structures

Question 30

structure of a lipid

Answer 30

CH2Oa few, fatty acid chain

Question 31

structure of a steriod

Answer 31

four fused ring structures

Question 32

structure of nucleic acid

Answer 32

CHONP, alternating phosphate group sugar and some sort of base

Question 33

structural isomers

Answer 33

if it is a structural formula it can have two different structures but the same formula, difference in covalent arrangement of the atoms

Question 34

geometric isomers

Answer 34

this forms when there are double bonded carbons, the orientation of the groups in relation to the double carbons can change

Question 35

enantiomers isomers

Answer 35

mirror images of each other, two forms are L form or D form (basically left and right form), can make a huge difference (EX: thalidomide: given for pregnant women for morning sickness and the mirror images cause birth defects)

Question 36

condensation reaction

Answer 36

builds polymers by taking a H group from one and an OH group from another and creating water and the bond (happens in digestive system)

Question 37

hydrolysis reaction

Answer 37

breaks down polymers from large polymers to small monomers by adding H2O (happens in digestive system)

Question 38

pH concentration (in terms of H concentration, acid side, base side)

Answer 38

0-14, each number represents the logarithmic hydrogen ions/hydroxide, acids=<7, bases=>7, 7=neutral, an acid has higher hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, neutral hydrogen and hydroxide ions are equal, bases hydroxide ions are greater than the hydrogen ions

Question 39

what general classes of organisms are eukaryotes

Answer 39

plants, animals, protozoa/protists, fungi

Question 40

what general classes of organisms are prokaryotes

Answer 40

bacteria (EX: E coli, Salmanella, Staph aureus)

Question 41

what structures are part of the endomembrane system

Answer 41

(Inside-Out)
Nucleur envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus (not directly attached to ER, a vesicles connects them)
Lysosome/Peroxisomes (vesicles created by GA)
Plasma membrane (vesicles will become part of the membrane or fuse and dump contents out of the cell)

Question 42

difference between a saturated fat (in terms of element make-up, bonds, found in plants or animals, solid or liquid at room temp)

Answer 42

maximum number of hydrogens are bonded to carbons on the chain, solid at room temperature, animal fats

Question 43

difference between a unsaturated fat (in terms of element make-up, bonds, found in plants or animals, solid or liquid at room temp)

Answer 43

double bonds between carbons; therefore, there are not the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to carbons on the chain, liquid at room temperature, general found in plants or fish, generally oils, double bond causes bend

Question 44

virus lytic cycle

Answer 44

the virus injects into host cell/fuses with the membrane, the genetic material programs the host cell to make virus parts, the host cell assembles those virus parts and when they are fully assembled it breaks open (lyses) the cell and releases them, resulting in the killing of the cell.

Question 45

virus lysogenic cycle

Answer 45

the injected DNA gets incorporated into the host genome and stays there as a prophage until conditions inside the cell are right for the virus to then enter the lytic cycle
(when/if conditions aren’t good, conditions stay dormant and does not harm or do anything to the cell)

Question 46

components of a virus

Answer 46

Two: capsids (made out of proteins called capsomeres) and genetic material in the form of single or double stranded DNA or single stranded or double stranded RNA

Question 47

what RNA viruses need to reproduce inside of a host cell

Answer 47

Need RNA (genetic material) and needs the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Question 48

function of reverse transcriptase

Answer 48

Programs host cell to convert viral RNA into DNA that can then be used as the code for protein synthesis

Question 49

4 steps in protein folding to make it functional (in terms of the types of bonds and what happens to the bonds)

Answer 49

Primary Structure:
Along change of amino acids that are formed at the ribosomes and are linking/bonding together by a condensation/dehydration reaction (releases water)
Secondary Structure:
The alpha helix (curly Q) and the beta pleated sheets (fan folding) that are caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids
Tertiary Structure:
Much more folded due to R group interactions: disulfide bridges form between amino acids called cysteine (one cysteine will find another cysteine and create the bridge), ionic bonds (between positive and negative charged R group), hydrophobic and hydrophilic reactions of the R groups (hydrophilic goes to outside)
Quaternary Structures:
Two or more polypeptides in the tertiary structures are bonded together

Question 50

what is denaturation and what types of conditions cause it and how

Answer 50

Denaturation is the unravelling/unfolding of the protein.
Temperature (causes movement) helps to break the bonds, pH (because it is a concentration of hydrogen ions and positively charged), salt (the ions will mess with the bonding, the negative will get pulled to the positive and cause the unraveling)