ECE 1108 Final

Question 1

What allowed single multicellular organisms to evolve to complex multicellular organisms? (discussed this for the last test)

Answer 1

endosymbiotic theory

Question 2

Characteristics of multicellularity:

Answer 2

The organism is larger. Cell differentiation. longer lifespan. More functions.

Question 3

homology:

Answer 3

the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure

Question 4

germ line mutations

Answer 4

any detectable variation within germ cells

Question 5

somatic mutations

Answer 5

genetic alteration acquired by a cell that can be passed to the progeny of the mutated cell in the course of cell division

Question 6

Prezygotic: isolation

Answer 6

prevents the fertilization of egg

Question 7

postzygotic: isolation

Answer 7

mechanisms include habitat isolation, mating seasons, “mechanical” isolation, gamete isolation and behavioral isolation barriers and the different types of each

Question 8

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 8

endosymbiotic theory: prokaryotes ingested other prokaryotes and instead of ingesting them they became important to them and became mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organs

Question 9

Alternation of generations

Answer 9

alternating between the gametophye phase and the sporophyte phase

Question 10

Double fertilization in angiosperms

Answer 10

1. A pollen tube releases two sperm cells into an unfertilized ovule. 2: Double fertilization occurs when one sperm cell fuses with the egg to produce a zygote, and the other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei to make the endosperm. 3: After double fertilization, a seed and fruit develop

Question 11

Fungi – how do they eat?

Answer 11

Most fungi feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. Fungi are decomposers and change dead things into a humus which is rich in the nutrients that plant use as a food

Question 12

C3 plant

Answer 12

Photosynthetic organisms that undergo a one stage process of C3 photosynthesis that begins the process of energy conversion, known as the Calvin cycle, by producing a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid

Question 13

C4 plant

Answer 13

a two stage process that produces a four-carbon intermediate compound

Question 14

CAM plants

Answer 14

ganisms absorb sunlight energy during the day then use the energy to fix carbon dioxide molecules during the night.

Question 15

What is vascular cambium

Answer 15

produces secondary xylem on the inside of the ring, and secondary phloem on the outside, pushing the primary xylem and phloem apart

Question 16

Difference between primary and secondary growth in plants

Answer 16

The increase in length of the shoot and the root is referred to as primary growth. Secondary growth is characterized by an increase in thickness or girth of the plant

Question 17

What processes allow water to move in a plant

Answer 17

xylem vessels

Question 18

Explain nitrogen fixation

Answer 18

the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle

Question 19

gibberillins

Answer 19

any of a group of plant hormones that stimulate stem elongation, germination, and flowering

Question 20

auxin

Answer 20

a plant hormone that causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth

Question 21

ethylene

Answer 21

stimulating or regulating the ripening of fruit

Question 22

cytokinins

Answer 22

promote cell division

Question 23

abscisic acid

Answer 23

a plant hormone that promotes leaf detachment, induces seed and bud dormancy, and inhibits germination

Question 24

self-compatible

Answer 24

plant can fertilize itself

Question 25

self-incompatible plant

Answer 25

plant rejects itself from fertilizing itself

Question 26

fixed action pattern

Answer 26

is sometimes used in ethology to denote an instinctive behavioral sequence that is relatively invariant within the species and almost inevitably runs to completion

Question 27

key stimulus

Answer 27

triggers an innate releasing mechanism (IRM), a sort of middleman, which produces a fixed action pattern (FAP), a definite, constant response

Question 28

an invertebrate

Answer 28

an animal without a backbone

Question 29

Vertebrate

Answer 29

an animal that has a backbone and a skeleton

Question 30

gastrulation

Answer 30

phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula

Question 31

cephalization

Answer 31

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development. EX: flatworm

Question 32

Advantage of amniotic eggs for terrestrial organisms:

Answer 32

he amniotic egg of reptiles and birds is surrounded by a tough outer shell that protects the egg from predators, pathogens , damage, and drying. The amnion keeps the embryo from drying out, so it's critical to living on land

Question 33

Meiosis

Answer 33

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

Question 34

keystone species

Answer 34

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically