Evolution Test chp 19-23

Question 1

Directional selection graph

Answer 1

pushes to one extreme OR the other

Question 2

Stabilizing selection graph

Answer 2

pushes the graphs away from the extremes to favor the middle

Question 3

Disruptive selection graph

Answer 3

favors both extremes

Question 4

vestigial structures

Answer 4

remnants of features that served a function in the organism’s ancestors

Question 5

shared derived traits

Answer 5

the ancestor that is common for all specific organisms a question asks for

Question 6

Common shared ancestors/shared primitive trait

Answer 6

the ancestors at the bottom

Question 7

sister taxa

Answer 7

where two organisms branch from one branch

Question 8

convergent evolution

Answer 8

evolution of organisms that physically look the same based on their environment but they are not related

Question 9

adaptive radiation

Answer 9

when organisms become more diverse based on the resources available
EX: Darwin’s finches-each one’s beak size evolved to the food available on the island

Question 10

coevolution

Answer 10

when two organisms that are not related evolve together

EX: monarch butterfly and milkweed plant

Question 11

allopatric speciation

Answer 11

speciation due to geographic barriers/isolation

So much that if the species were brought together they could not reproduce

Question 12

homologous structures

Answer 12

similar structures in multiple species due to common ancestry
EX: bone structures

Question 13

vestigial structures

Answer 13

features that serve a purpose at one time and are not longer used but still present

Question 14

sympatric speciation

Answer 14

speciation that occurs in the same geographic location

EX: cichlid fish: males choose females based on coloration

Question 15

analogous structures

Answer 15

built different but serve the same purpose

EX: bat wing and a butterfly wing

Question 16

know different evidence types that prove evolution has taken place

Answer 16

Evolutionary change in organisms
Drug resistant bacteria
Homology
Embryonic similarities
Fossil Record

Question 17

bottleneck effect

Answer 17

sudden change reduces a population size/random event that wipes out most of the population

Question 18

founder effect

Answer 18

a group of organisms are separated from the rest of the population so they start their own population

Question 19

natural selection

Answer 19

process where organisms that are most able to survive in that environment can reproduce so their traits are passed on

Question 20

heterozygote advantage

Answer 20

having a recessive trait with a dominant trait allows that organism to have an advantage in the population
EX: sickle cell anemia recessive allele is an advantage in high malaria zones

Question 21

sexual selection

Answer 21

male or female choosing a mate based on their characteristics or behaviors

Question 22

sexual dimorphism

Answer 22

male and female look different

EX: cardinals, peacocks

Question 23

darwin’s finches and how they show natural selection

Answer 23

mutations that changed the break size of the birds that allowed them to survive on the type of seed that was present on that island
beaks and behaviors based on their food source
shows adaptations due to characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

Question 24

intrasexual selection

Answer 24

males competing with other males

EX: Male Bighorn Sheep

Question 25

intersexual selection

Answer 25

one sex chooses the other sex EX: bower bird, peacock

Question 26

know the types of pre zygotic reproduction isolation and examples

Answer 26

prezygotic : habitat isolation (different habitats so organisms don’t come in contact with each other), mechanical isolation (can’t fit or come together), temporal isolation (different seasons for mating or different times of the day), gametic isolation (sex cells do not match due to immune system), behavioral isolation (courtship rituals are different)

Question 27

review the case of the apple maggot fly

Answer 27

the fly’s original habitat was the native hawthorn tree, but about 200 years ago, some populations colonized apple trees that had been introduced by European settlers. As apples mature quicker than hawthorn fruit, natural selection favored apple-feeding flies with rapid development. These apple feeding populations now show temporal isolation from the hawthorn-feeding apple maggot fly, providing a prezygotic restriction to gene flow between two populations.

Question 28

review the stickleback case

Answer 28

Marine populations of the threespine stickleback fish have a set of protective spines on their lower surface; however, these spines have been lost or reduced in some lake populations of this fish which appears to have resulted from a change in the regulation of Pitx1 gene expression, not from a change in the gene’s sequence.

Question 29

gradual evolution

Answer 29

species diverge from one another or slow and steadily

Question 30

darwin and his view of evolution

Answer 30

Many offspring reproduce-over produce Competition for resources Variation of offspring Natural Selection is going to occur

Question 31

node

Answer 31

intersection points

Question 32

internode

Answer 32

between two nodes

Question 33

know the types of post zygotic reproduction isolation and examples

Answer 33

postzygotic: reduced hybrid viability (hybrids are weak or sickly so they cannot reproduce and never make it to sexual maturity), reduced hybrid fertility (offsprin are sterile), hybrid breakdown (first generation hybrid survive second generation does not)