Chpater 16 : Digestive System

Question 1

winding tube

Answer 1

alimentary canal

Question 2

the portion that includes the stomach and intestines or digestrive tract (9 meters long)

Answer 2

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Question 3

main organs = alimentary canal
accessary organs = surround the tube
(things we can live without)

Question 4

main organs
mouth
pharynx (throat)
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
(Duodenum, jejunum, lleum)
large intestine
cecum
colon
(ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon)
rectum
anal canal

Answer 4

accessary organs (things you can live without)
teeth and tongue
salivary glands
(parotid, submandible, sublingual)
tonsils
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
appendix

Question 5

process of taking foods into the mouth

Answer 5

ingestion

Question 6

process of complex nutrients into simpler ones material broken down into smaller nutrients
(mechanical and chemical in nature)

Answer 6

digestion

Question 7

mechanical digestion = your teeth breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces
chemical digestion = enzymes break food apart

Question 8

movement through the GI mucosa into the internal environment
(the small intestine absorbs nutrients into the body)

Answer 8

absorption

Question 9

ridding the body of waste material (feces) from the rectum through the anus for defecation

Answer 9

elimination

Question 10

release of digestive juices

Answer 10

secretion

Question 11

coordination of digestrive activity

Answer 11

regulation

Question 12

the inside of a hollow space within tube

Answer 12

lumen

Question 13

the digestrive tract is a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
(made up if 4 layers of tissue)

Answer 13

inside to outside coat
1. Mucosa or mucous membrane (closer to outside)
2. Submucosa
3.Muscularis
4.Serosa (deep inside)

Question 14

the mucosa of the eosphagus is composed of tough and abrasion - resistant stratified epithelium

Question 15

lymph nodules = provide immune protection at the boundary of the digestive lumen and internal environment

Question 16

submucosa = the connective tissue layer that contains many blood vessels and nerves

Question 17

muscularis = muscle tissue that produces movement of the GI tract

Question 18

peristalsis = rhythmic, wavelike contractions of the gut wall ( squeezes and pushes ingested material forward through the digestive tube’s internal pathway)

Answer 18

pushes material down the GI tract

Question 19

segmentation = produces a back and forth or “swishing” type of internal movement

Answer 19

segmentation contractions mixes ingested material with digestive juices to help continue the mechanical break down of larger particles

Question 20

serosa = the outermost covering of the digestive tube
( visceral peritoneum) folds away from the organs to form a parietal peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall

Question 21

mesentery = double fold of peritoneal tissue
helps keep the abdominal organs in place

Question 22

the mouth/ oral cavity = hollow chamber with a roof, floor and walls

the mouth is lined with mucous membrane

the roof of mouth is formed by a hard plate and a soft plate

the floor = tongue (made of skeletal muscle covered w/ mucous membrane) anchored to bones in the skull and the hyoid bone in neck

Answer 22

hard plate = bony structure, front portion of mouth formed by parts of palatine and maxillary bones

soft plate = consist of chiefy muscles

ulva = hang down from center of soft plate that prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities ( assist in speech and swallowing)

Question 23

frenulum = attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Question 24

4 major types of teeth
-incisor
-canine (cuspids)
-premolars (bicuspids)
-molar (tricuspids)

Answer 24

incisor = front teeth used to bite off food
canine = tear the food that is bitten into smaller shreds
premolras = chew through tough food
molars = wisdom teeth
mastication = chewing of food
deciduous = (primary)baby teeth

Question 25

digestion is starting in the mouth by chewing (the mechanical) break down of food

Question 26

enamel = over the crown cementum = (over the neck and root) surrounds dentin layer detin = The calcified part of the tooth surrounding the pulp chamber, covered by enamel in the crown pulp = nerves and blood vessels

Answer 26

crown= is the portion that is visible in the mouth neck = narrow portion that joins the crown of the tooth to the root ( surrounded by gingiva= gum) inflammatory of the gums = gingitis root = fits into bony socket that surrounds th jaw bone

Question 27

2 years old = 20 decidous teeth 17 to 24 = 32 permit teeth or 28 teeth is you dont wisdom teeth lose your first teeth at 6 years old

Answer 27

malocclusion = when missing teeth create wide spaces in the alignment

Question 28

peridontal membrane lines each tooth socket and anchors the tooth to the bone periodonitis = infection

Question 29

dental caries = tooth decay

Question 30

3 pairs of salivary glands -parotid gland -submandibular gland -sublingual gland

Answer 30

parotid = largest salivary gland and secretes bicarbonate (NaHCO3) submandibular = opening into mouth on either side of thr lingual frenulum sublingual = opens into the floor of mouth

Question 31

the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates

Answer 31

amylase

Question 32

a tubelike structure made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane helps prevent infections of the respiratory and digestive tract

Answer 32

pharynx

Question 33

the 3 pharynx - nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx

Answer 33

the oropharynx is a major part in digestive process by swallowing movement deglutition = swallowing happens in the medulla and pons of brain

Question 34

dynamic passage way for bolus and saliva to push bolus toward stomach the muscular, mucus lined that tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach (25 meters long)

Answer 34

eosphagus

Question 35

spincters are vavelike rings of muscle tissue that surround tubular structures/ body openings - help to keep ingested material moving in one direction down the tube

Answer 35

the eosphagus has 2 spincters at the beginning of stomach and the end of stomach

Question 36

upper eosphagus spincter = helps prevent air from entering the tube during respiration lower eosphagus spincter = (cardiac spincter) prevents back flow of acidic stomach contents

Question 37

stomach lies in the upper part of abdominal cavity and under the diaphragm - it is a large expandable pouch that ingested material enters after it has been chewed

Question 38

3 parts of the stomach - fundus : enlarged curving left to the opening of esophagus into stomach - body: central part of stomach -pylous: lower narrow apex section that joins the first part of small intestine

Answer 38

stomach expands after a large meal the stomach is the strongest internal organ

Question 39

enzyme of small food broken up

Answer 39

chyme

Question 40

3 layers of smooth muscle in the stomach wall -muscularis (top layer) has 3 parts longitudinal, circular, oblique -submucosa (middle layer) - mucosa (inner layer)

Question 41

backward movement/ reflux of stomach contents into the lower portion of the esophagus (GERD)

Answer 41

hiatal hernia

Question 42

untreated gastroesophageal flex changes the lining of the esophagus (precancerous)

Answer 42

barret esophagus

Question 43

backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus

Answer 43

heart burn/ acid indigestion= (gastroesophageal reflex)

Question 44

gastric glands secrete = gastric juices into stomach the stomach secretes intrinsic factor= that protects vitamin b12 for later absorption

Question 45

when stomach is empty the mucous lining kies in the folds

Answer 45

rugae

Question 46

main function is digestion and absorption

Answer 46

small intestine

Question 47

small intestine -20 ft long -smaller than large intestine -chyme passes through duodenum,jejunum,illeum -chemical digestion occurs in the duodenum

Answer 47

- the middle third of the duodenum contains the openings of ducts that empty pancreatic digestive juices and bile from the liver into the small intestine the two openings are the minor duodenal papilla and major dudenal papilla - gallstone blocks ducts that drain through the major dudenal papilla

Question 48

the mucous lining of the stomach contain microscopic glands (intestinal gland) that secrete intestinal juice rich in enzymes, water and ions pancreas secretes bicarbonated into the lumen (hollow interior) = neautralize the stomach acid

Answer 48

structure features that line the stomach plicae = multiple cicular folds plicae is covered with thousands of "tiny fingers" called Villi each villi is covered epithelial cells, which have a brush like border of Microvilli inside the villi are blood capillaries (lacteal) that absorbs carbs and proteins

Question 49

Liver -largest gland in the body -fills the upper right section of the abdominal cavity and extends to left side -has metabolic functions -is an exocrine gland b/c it secretes bile into ducts -the liver removes yellowish bile pigments formed by the break down of hemoglobin from RBC's and put them into the body for elimination

Answer 49

Liver hepatic ducts: drain bile out of liver common bile duct: drains bile into small intestine (duodenum) cystic duct: joins w/ the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct -gallbladder : concentrates stored bile by reabsorbing water from bile back into the blood (bile reservior)

Question 50

lipids must be emulsified into smaller particles to increase surface area and aid in digestion

Answer 50

bile contains cholesterol and salts that act as detergents to break up lipids -bile that is eliminated in feces serves as a mechanism for excreting cholsterol from the body

Question 51

structure fits function 1. absorption of nutrients from intestine 2.into blood 3.into the lymph

Question 52

cholecystokinin (CCK) : a hormone acting to regulate GI mobility

Question 53

bile pigments gives feces its characterictics color (gray- white)

Question 54

jaundice : yellowish skin discoloration (increased bile pigments in the blood) -obstruction of common hepatic duct also leads to jaundice

Question 55

gallstones: solid clumps of material (cholesterol) that form in gallbladder cholecystectomy= surgical removal of gallstone

Question 56

Pancreas -lies behind stomach -both an exocrine gland and endocrine gland -secrets juices into ducts ( exocrine) -secrete hormones into blood (endocrine) - pancreatic islets secrete insulin and glucagon -common bile duct and pancreatic dutcs open at the major dudenal papilla - pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest digest energy from carbs,proteins and lipids (contains sodium bicarbonate

Question 57

large intestine -5 ft long -diameter is larger than small intestine -forms the lower terminal of the digestive tract ileocecal vavle: the spincterlike structure between the end of the small intestine and beginning of large inetestine (opens into cecum) (cecum= pouch like area) -material in cecum flows upward to the colon

Answer 57

chyme passes through the large intestine 1.cecum 2.ascending colon (right side) 3.transverse colon (extends across abdomin left to right) 4.descending colon (turns downward on the left side of colon) 5.sigmoid colon: s - shaped 6.rectum 7.anal canal (anus) hepatic (right colic) = the bend between ascending colon and transverse colon splenic ( left colic) = top left part portion (descending)

Question 58

microbiome (flora) = material that escaped digestion in the small intestine

Question 59

flatus = gass

Question 60

vitamins absorbed by large intestine enter the blood

Question 61

salts absorbed by active transport water is moved into blood by osmosis

Question 62

speed and absorption of the large intestine is slower than small intestine

Question 63

large intestine bacteria= immune function= protects from intestinal disease responsible for -synthesis of vitamin K -production of B complex vitamins

Question 64

colostomy = surgical removal of tumor/ colon

Question 65

large intestine has no villi

Question 66

retention of feces= constipation stools fluidy= diarrhea

Question 67

inner anal spincter = involuntary muscle outer anal spincter = voluntary muscle

Question 68

defecation = elimination of feces

Question 69

appendix = worm like tubular structure (directly attached to the cecum appendicitis = inflammation of appendix

Question 70

peritoneum = large, moist, slippery sheet of membrane that lines the abdominal cavity visceral layer = forms the outer layer covering of each abdominal organ peritoneal space= small space between the parietal and visceral layer (keeps both layers moist and able to slide against each other during breathing, digestion and bending) retroperitoneal = outside of paretal peritoneum (kidneys)

Answer 70

2 prominant extensions of the peritoneum -mesentary: the extension between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum (encloses the smaller intestine) - greater omentum= pouchlike extension of the visceral peritoneum from the lower edge of stomach, duodeum and transverse colon (lace apron)

Question 71

digestion = complex process that occurs in the alimentary canal, chemical and physical changes prepare nutrients for absorption

Question 72

mechanical digestion mastication = chewing deglutition= swallowing peristalsis segmentation defecation

Answer 72

chemical digestion saliva gastric juice pancreatic juice intestinal juice

Question 73

enzymes = protein molecules that act as catalysts (speed up the breakdown of lipids)= hydrolysis hydrolysis speed up enzymes and add water to chemically break up or split large molecules

Answer 73

lipase = lipid digesting enzyme that acts w/ fats and oils protease = enzymes serve to break down protein nutrients into smaller molecules

Question 74

absorption= the process by which molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids and glycerol go from lumen of the intestines to the circulating fluids of the body

Question 75

carbohydrate disgestion - the end product of carbohydrate digestion is glucose polysaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides active transport to intestinal mucosa diffusion to blood capillaries

Answer 75

order of digestion 1.polysaccharides= starches 2.disaccharides= double sugars 3.monosaccharides = simple sugars (maltase, sucrose, lactose) = **end of digestion** maltose= malt sugar sucrose = cane/ table sugar lactose = milk sugar

Question 76

protein digestion - starts in stomach hydrochloric acid = in gastric jucies helps unfold large complex protein shapes so digestive enzymes can reach peptide bonds that hold amino acids together the end product of protein digestion= is when protease enzymes split up large protein molecule into seperate amino acids

Answer 76

protein *amino acids * end of digestion active transport to intestinal mucosa diffusion to blood cappilaries

Question 77

lipid digestion - undigested but emulsifying turns them into tiny droplets by bile in duodenum lipase = splits them into their components the end product of lipid digestion = lipid molecules are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 77

fats fat droplets digestion *fatty acids and glycerol* end digetion diffusion to absorption cells secretion

Question 78

mineral ions (sodium) active transport through intestinal mucosa