Chpt. 6 study guide

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

when someone makes a connection between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

process where we learn to associate stimuli and as a result we anticipate events (pavlov)

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

a response is associated with a consequence (Skinner)

Question 4

Observational learning

Answer 4

Learning by watching others then imitating it

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Question 6

unconditioned response

Answer 6

a natural not-learned reaction to a stimulus

Question 7

neutral stimulus

Answer 7

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 8

conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

conditioned response

Answer 9

the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 10

high-order conditioning

Answer 10

an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response

Question 11

acquisition

Answer 11

the initial period of learning when a person learns to connect the NS and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

the return of a previously extinguished unconditioned response following a rest period

Question 13

what 3 increase the likelihood of CR

Answer 13

Frequency of pairings, timing, and intensity of UCS

Question 14

stimulus discrimination

Answer 14

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 15

stimulus generalization

Answer 15

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 16

habituation

Answer 16

learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Question 17

primary reinforcements

Answer 17

those that have innate reinforcing qualities, does not need to be learned

Question 18

secondary reinforcements

Answer 18

those that have no inherent value, and their value is learned

Question 19

Interval vs. ratio

Answer 19

a. interval is time between reinforcements

b. ratio is the number of responses

Question 20

cognitive map

Answer 20

a mental picture of the layout of an environment

Question 21

latent learning

Answer 21

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Question 22

model

Answer 22

the individual performing the imitated behavior

Question 23

retention

Answer 23

remember what you observed

Question 24

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 24

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Question 25

vicarious punishment

Answer 25

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior.