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AP2 > Circulation, Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Circulation, Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Smaller vessels that go from arteries to organs

A

Arterioles

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2
Q

Small vessels that go from arterioles and drain into venules

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

Place where all exchange between blood and tissue occurs

A

Capillary beds

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4
Q

Small vessels that drain from capillary beds into larger veins

A

Venules

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5
Q

How is flow measured?

A

Liters/min

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6
Q

Pressure gradient/resistance

A

= flow

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7
Q

If pressure is high, flow is…

A

Faster

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8
Q

If resistance is high, flow is

A

Slower

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9
Q

2 things that influence vascular resistance

A

1) blood viscosity
2) radius of vessel

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10
Q

What causes high viscosity in blood

A

High hematocrit (high level of RBCs)

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11
Q

The smaller the radius of a vessel the __________ the resistance

A

Higher

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12
Q

If radius of vessel 1 is X and vessel 2 is 2X, how much more is flow of vessel 2?

A

16 times

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13
Q

What determines distribution of blood

A

Metabolic demand

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14
Q

True/False: we have a finite volume of blood

A

True

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15
Q

Vessels with large elaborate walls

A

Arteries

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16
Q

2 functions of arteries

A

1) fast transportation of blood from heart to tissue
2) store pressure for flow when heart at rest

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17
Q

5 parts of arterial wall

A

1) endothelial cells
2) connective tissue (collagen/elastin)
3) smooth muscle
4) sympathetic nerves
5) external connective tissue with tiny vessels

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18
Q

What is force of blood against arterial wall?

A

Arterial BP

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19
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

Ventricular contraction

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20
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

Resting pressure in arteries (ventricular diastole)

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21
Q

2 purposes of reading arterial BP

A

1) health of vessel walls
2) blood volume

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22
Q

What is Pulse Pressure

A

Systolic - Diastolic

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23
Q

How do you calculate MAP

A

diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure (sys - dias)

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24
Q

What is the average BP at all times called?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

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25
Q

True/False: MAP is not a straightforward measure

A

True

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26
Q

What are taps heard during BP cuff reading called

A

Korotkoff sounds

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27
Q

If you drop BP cuff pressure too fast, what happens?

A

Underestimated Systolic

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28
Q

What is made of mostly endothelium wrapped in smooth muscle

A

Arterioles

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29
Q

Is the diameter of an arteriole changeable?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What vessel is the “Gatekeeper to organs”

A

Arterioles

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31
Q

2 main functions of Arterioles

A

1) distribute blood based on metabolic demands
2) regulate arterial BP

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32
Q

What is a change in arteriole diameter by constricting or dilating called

A

Arteriole tone

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33
Q

How is normal arteriole tone determined (4 factors)

A

1) elasticity
2) sympathetic input
3) hormones
4) blood volume

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34
Q

Vasoconstriction does what to flow?

A

Decreases

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35
Q

What does vasodilation do to flow?

A

Increases

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36
Q

2 general categories that cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation

A

1) intrinsic
2) extrinsic

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37
Q

What causes intrinsic changes in vasodilation or vasoconstriction

A

Local factors

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38
Q

What is meant by “local factors”

A

A change in the tissue

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39
Q

2 subcategories of local control

A

1) chemical
2) physical

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40
Q

What is the most important local chemical change that is based on organ workload

A

Local metabolic change

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41
Q

What causes another local chemical change in arterioles

A

Histamine release

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42
Q

2 causes of local physical control to arterioles

A

1) heat/cold (local application)
2) myogenic response to stretch

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43
Q

During local metabolic change in arterioles, what senses change in O2, CO2, acidity, Adenosine

A

Endothelial cells

44
Q

What do endothelial cells release in response to a metabolic change in arterioles

A

1) Endothelin
2) nitric oxide

45
Q

What does endothelin do in vessel?

A

Constricts (conserves blood)

46
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

Dilated to increase blood flow

47
Q

What is the most important extrinsic control of arterioles

A

Sympathetic effect

48
Q

If sympathetic effect is increased, what happens to arterioles

A

General Vasoconstriction

49
Q

If sympathetic is decreased, what happens

A

Vasodilation

50
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibers supply areteriole smooth muscle everywhere except where?

A

The brain

51
Q

What is TPR

A

Total peripheral (vascular) resistance

52
Q

What influences TPR the most?

A

Arteriole diameter

53
Q

MAP is like __________ pressure in a pipe

A

Constant

54
Q

If MAP is constant pressure in a pipe, what act as spigots to change resistance?

A

Arterioles

55
Q

What does epinephrine do to arteriole?

A

Dilates

56
Q

What does norepinephrine do to arterioles?

A

Constricts

57
Q

What do vasopressin and angiotensin 2 do?

A

Constrict

58
Q

What gets majority of blood distribution when at rest?

A

Digestive and liver (27%)

59
Q

What gets majority of blood distribution with moderate exercise

A

Skeletal muscle and heart

60
Q

During exercise, sympathetic vasoconstricts everywhere except where?

A

Skeletal muscle and heart

61
Q

If tissue mass increases, what happens to capillary density

A

It will increase too

62
Q

What is velocity of blood in capillaries

A

Slow

63
Q

True/false: decrease in velocity of capillary does not change flow rate

A

True

64
Q

What is capillary made of

A

Endothelial cells

65
Q

Is a capillary diameter slightly less or more than the diameter of a RBC?

A

Less

66
Q

What moves freely through capillary pores?

A

1) fluid and small h2o soluble substances
2) polar substances (electrolytes)
3) lipid soluble proteins

67
Q

What can’t get through capillary pores?

A

Plasma protein (albumen) and rbc/wbc

68
Q

What do large water soluble substances need to pass thru capillary pores?

A

Active transport via vesicles

69
Q

What flows to low concentration gradients in capillaries

A

O2 in tissue
CO2 out of tissue
NA, K, glucose

70
Q

What sit between arterioles and venules

A

Capillary beds

71
Q

What are slightly larger than capillaries

A

Metarterioles

72
Q

What acts as a freeway between arterioles to venules

A

Metarterioles

73
Q

What controls blood flow through capillary beds

A

Pre capillary sphincters

74
Q

If pre capillary sphincters are contracted, where does blood flow

A

Metarterioles

75
Q

If pre capillary sphincters are relaxed, where does blood flow

A

Capillaries

76
Q

What controls the contraction or relaxation of the precapillary sphincters?

A

Metabolic needs

77
Q

If there’s a high metabolic need, what does the precapillary sphincter do?

A

Relaxes and delivers O2, etc to tissue

78
Q

What kind of process is distribution of fluid across capillaries

A

Passive

79
Q

What distributes ECF between vascular compartment and interstitial compartment

A

Capillary bulk flow

80
Q

What can capillary bulk flow buffer in a small way

A

Blood pressure

81
Q

Hydrostatic

A

Pushes

82
Q

Oncotic

A

Pulls

83
Q

What does capillary hydrostatic BP favor?

A

Filtration

84
Q

If blood volume is low and BP is low, what will capillary BP do?

A

Reabsorb

85
Q

What are 2 constant passive pressures that reabsorb?

A

Capillary Oncotic
Interstitial hydrostatic

86
Q

Pulls fluid into capillary

A

Capillary Oncotic

87
Q

Pushes against capillary wall from outside

A

Interstitial hydrostatic

88
Q

What would only happen if albumen leaked outside of capillary wall and pull fluid to interstitial space?

A

Interstitial Oncotic

89
Q

If BP and blood volume is high, what would capillary BP do

A

Ultrafiltration

90
Q

Large vessels with endothelial lining and very little smooth muscle

A

Veins

91
Q

What are also called Blood Reservoirs or Capacitance Vessels?

A

Veins

92
Q

At rest, what % of systemic blood volume is in systemic veins?

A

64%

93
Q

During time of stress (exercise) what do veins do to send systemic blood volume to heart

A

Constrict

94
Q

Venous return from vasoconstriction pushes blood to the heart which does what to End Diastolic Volume and Stroke Volume?

A

Increases

95
Q

What is the volume of blood the veins can accommodate?

A

Venous capacity

96
Q

What is the volume of blood entering each atrium from venous vessels

A

Venous return

97
Q

What in veins prevents backflow

A

Valves

98
Q

What are 3 “push” factors that influence venous blood return?

A

1) sympathetic vasoconstriction
2) muscles
3) valves

99
Q

What are 2 “pull” factors that influence venous return to heart?

A

1) less thoracic pressure
2) cardiac suction

100
Q

Measurement that tells amount of resistance in arteries

A

TPR

101
Q

what affects TPR

A

1) blood viscosity
2) arterial radius

102
Q

Short term control of MAP

A

1) Baroreceptor reflex (HR)
2) sympathetic/parasympathetic (TPR)

103
Q

Where are baroreceptors found

A

Aortic arch
Carotid sinus

104
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

Measure stretch on artery wall

105
Q

T/F: Baroreceptors are only good for a few minutes

A

True

106
Q

What extrinsic influences arterial radius

A

Epi and vasopressin

107
Q

What is long term control of MAP

A

Kidneys. Regulates fluid/plasma

AP2 (10 decks)

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