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AP2 > Genetics, Anatomical Terms, Homeostais > Flashcards

Genetics, Anatomical Terms, Homeostais Flashcards

1
Q

Contains DNA

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Contains genes

A

DNA

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3
Q

Blueprint for proteins cell needs to live

A

Genes

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4
Q

Single nucleus

A

Most cells

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5
Q

No nuclei

A

Red blood cells

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6
Q

Multiple nuclei

A

Skeletal muscle and liver cells

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7
Q

Membrane around nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Liquid inside nuclear envelope similar to cell cytoplasm

A

Nucleoplasm

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9
Q

Densely packed DNA found in nucleoplasm

A

Chromatin

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10
Q

Nucleus inside nucleus; makes rRNA and ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

Makeup of nuclear envelope

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

Next to inside layer of nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear lamina

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13
Q

What is nuclear lamina made of?

A

Lamin proteins

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14
Q

What does nuclear lamina look like?

A

Dense spiderweb

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15
Q

What drapes itself over the nuclear lamina?

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

Where do substances pass in and out of nucleus?

A

Nuclear pore

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17
Q

What is the inside layer of the nuclear pore called?

A

Nuclear complex

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18
Q

What is nuclear complex made of?

A

Nucleoporins

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19
Q

What does nuclear complex look like?

A

Basketball hoop with a net

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20
Q

What can easily pass through the nuclear complex?

A

Small, water-soluble molecules

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21
Q

What cannot pass easily through nuclear complex?

A

Nucleic acid proteins

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22
Q

What is a long molecule with genetic library for making proteins?

A

DNA Molecule

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23
Q

What packages the DNA molecule?

A

Chromatin

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24
Q

2 types of chromatin

A

1) euchromatin
2) heterochromatin

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25
Q

Type of chromatin that is loosely packed and has genes that are frequently transcribed/translated

A

Euchromatin

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26
Q

Type of chromatin that is densely packed and rarely transcribed

A

Heterochromatin

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27
Q

How many separate DNA molecules is chromatin made of?

A

46

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28
Q

What is a separate DNA molecule called?

A

Chromosome

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29
Q

What is made when chromosome makes a copy of itself and doubles up into an X?

A

Sister chromatid

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30
Q

What connects 2 sister chromatids in the middle to form an X?

A

Centromere

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31
Q

What is formed when sister chromatids split and cell divides to make an exact copy of genetic material?

A

Daughter cells

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32
Q

What does chromatin look like?

A

Loopy, continuous fiber

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33
Q

What is the protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin?

A

Histone

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34
Q

How many histones get packed together when DNA wraps around them?

A

8

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35
Q

How many times does DNA wrap around a package of histones?

A

Twice

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36
Q

What is each package of DNA wrapped around histones called?

A

Nucleosome

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37
Q

What binds to DNA and helps control activity of genes?

A

Histones

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38
Q

What contains rDNA?

A

Nucleolus

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39
Q

What does rDNA get transcribed into?

A

rRNA

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40
Q

What molecular machine is formed when rRNA folds around proteins?

A

Ribosome

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41
Q

What is largest structure that can pass through nuclear pore?

A

Ribosome

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42
Q

What do ribosomes use to make proteins?

A

mRNA

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43
Q

What does ribosome make from mRNA?

A

Amino acids

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44
Q

Process that takes a string of amino acids and makes into protein

A

Translation

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45
Q

Structure that folds proteins into shape for use in and out of cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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46
Q

All cells in body except reproductive cells are

A

Somatic cells

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47
Q

What is cell division that makes daughter cells that are almost identical to parent cell?

A

Mitosis

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48
Q

2 phases of cell cycle

A

1) interphase
2) mitosis

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49
Q

Longest phase of cell cycle that preps cell for division, carries out cell function and grows/replicates DNA

A

Interphase

50
Q

Sub-phases of Interphase

A

G1
S phase
G2

51
Q

Which sub phase of interphase is longest?

A

G1

52
Q

What does G1 stand for?

A

Gap or Growth

53
Q

If any damage to DNA is found at a checkpoint, what is repair phase called?

A

G0 phase

54
Q

What does S phase stand for?

A

Synthesis

55
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replicates

56
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

Cell makes organelle duplicates for daughter cells

57
Q

What is it called when 2 daughter cells are produced in somatic cells?

A

Mitosis

58
Q

Division of nucleus during mitosis

A

Karyokinesis

59
Q

When 2 separate cells form at end of mitosis

A

Cytokinesis

60
Q

Sub phases of mitosis

A

1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase

61
Q

Phase of mitosis when nuclear membrane disintegrates and centrosomes form

A

Prophase

62
Q

Mitosis phase when chromosomes move to middle of cell and centrosomes cast spindle fibers

A

Metaphase

63
Q

Mitosis phase when centrosomes pull sister chromatids apart

A

Anaphase

64
Q

Mitosis phase when nuclear membrane forms around chromatid and cell temporarily has 2 nuclei

A

Telophase

65
Q

Phase of mitosis when cell membrane pinches in middle to form 2 daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

66
Q

What do daughter cells do once made?

A

Start new cell cycle or enter G0 phase

67
Q

Process that makes gametes with 1/2 genetic info of parent cell

A

Meiosis

68
Q

Type of cell formed in meiosis

A

Haploid (23 chromosomes)

69
Q

Formed when 2 haploid cells fuse together

A

Zygote (diploid)

70
Q

2 stages of meiosis

A

Meiosis 1 and Meiosis 2

71
Q

90% of meiosis occurs in what phase?

A

Prophase 1

72
Q

5 sub phases of meiosis prophase 1

A

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

73
Q

Sub phase of prophase 1 in meiosis where nuclear membrane dissolves

A

Leptotene

74
Q

2nd stage prophase of meiosis where chromosomes start to pair up

A

Zygotene

75
Q

3rd Sub phase of prophase 1 in meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

A

Pachytene

76
Q

4th subphase of prophase 1 in meiosis where paired homologous chromosomes unpair into 2 pairs of chromatids

A

Diplotene

77
Q

Last stage of prophase 1 in meiosis where chromosomes separate and crossover occurs

A

Diakinesis

78
Q

During Zygotene subphase of prophase 1 when chromosomes bind tightly

A

Synapsis

79
Q

4 chromatids that form a pair of chromosomes during Zygotene phase

A

Tetrad

80
Q

Phase of meiosis where tetrads go to meta plate in middle of cell

A

Metaphase 1

81
Q

Stage of meiosis where tetrads split and are pulled to opposite poles

A

Anaphase 1

82
Q

Phase of meiosis that has increase of genetic variability

A

Anaphase 1

83
Q

Phases of meiosis 1 that produce 2 haploid daughter cells

A

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis 1

84
Q

How is Interphase different in meiosis vs mitosis

A

In meiosis, chromosomes don’t get replicated during S phase

85
Q

What happens in meiosis 2

A

2 haploid daughter cells go thru PMAT to make 4 haploid daughter cells

86
Q

Process by which genes are turned on or off

A

Epigenetics

87
Q

How many cells in body

A

37 trillion

88
Q

How many types of different cells in body

A

200

89
Q

How is cell type determined?

A

By type of proteins it carries

90
Q

What is genetic “wardrobe”

A

Genotype

91
Q

What determines which genes are activated

A

Phenotype

92
Q

Mechanisms that can selectively activate or turn off genes without modifying nucleotide sequence

A

Epigenetics

93
Q

DNA can be locked or released by chemical changes to these

A

Histones

94
Q

When acetyl group is added to histone and loosens grip on DNA. Makes it easy to transcribe.

A

Acetylation

95
Q

When 1 methyl group is added to histone and is similar to acetylation

A

Methylation

96
Q

What happens if 2-3 methyl groups get added to histone

A

Prevents transcription

97
Q

Part of DNA where methylation can directly modify it

A

CpG site

98
Q

How much of body weight is water

A

60%

99
Q

How much of body weight is ICF

A

40%

100
Q

How much of body weight is ECF

A

20% (plasma 5%)

101
Q

Cations in ICF

A

K+, Mg++

102
Q

Anions in ICF

A

Proteins
Phosphates (ATP)

103
Q

Cations of ECF

A

Na+ Ca++

104
Q

Anions of ECF

A

Cl- HCO3-

105
Q

How much of blood is plasma

A

55%

106
Q

How much of blood is RBCs, WBCs and platelets

A

45%

107
Q

How much of plasma is water

A

90%

108
Q

How much of plasma is protein (albumin) and solids

A

10%

109
Q

What effect keeps plasma electrically neutral

A

Gibbs-Donnan effect

110
Q

Solute concentration in ECF and ICF

A

Osmolarity

111
Q

When water flows to side with more solutes

A

Osmosis

112
Q

Volume contraction of ECF

A

Decreased volume

113
Q

Volume expansion of ECF

A

Increase volume

114
Q

No change in concentration of solutes

A

Isosmotic

115
Q

Increase in solute concentration in ECF

A

Hyperosmotic

116
Q

Decrease in concentration of solutes in ECF

A

Hypoosmotic

117
Q

Result from diarrhea

A

Isosmotic volume contraction

118
Q

Marathon

A

Hyperosmotic volume contraction

119
Q

Adrenal insufficiency

A

Hypoosmotic volume contraction

120
Q

Isotonic IV

A

Isosmotic volume expansion

121
Q

Eat salty chips

A

Hyperosmotic volume expansion

122
Q

Anti diuretic hormone

A

Hyposmotic volume expansion

AP2 (10 decks)

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