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AP2 > Respiratory System Part 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

During inhale, diaphragm contracts and pulls _______ and increases ___________.

A

Down
Length

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2
Q

During inhale, chest muscles pull __________ and increase ____________.

A

Out
Width

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3
Q

What does nasal cavity mucus contain that kills bacteria?

A

Lysozymes

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4
Q

4 air-filled spaces behind nasal cavity that moisturize and warm air, as well as amplify voice

A

Para-nasal sinuses

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5
Q

Name 4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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6
Q

Airways that goes from paranasal sinuses to throat

A

Pharynx

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7
Q

Part of pharynx close to nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

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8
Q

Part of pharynx close to throat

A

Oro pharynx

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9
Q

Tissues that create a valve at back of throat to prevent food from going up nasal sinus

A

Soft palate and uvula

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10
Q

Structure also known as “voice box”

A

Larynx

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11
Q

Flap on larynx that acts as a lid to prevent food from entering airway

A

Epiglottis

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12
Q

Opening in larynx between vocal cords

A

Glottis

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13
Q

Also known as “wind pipe”

A

Trachea

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14
Q

What does trachea split into

A

R/L main stem bronchi

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15
Q

Point where R and L main stem bronchi split

A

Carina

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16
Q

How many lobes in right lung

A

3

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17
Q

How many lobes in left lung

A

2

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18
Q

Which main stem bronchus is wider and more vertical

A

Right

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19
Q

What airways have cartilage rings for support to stay open?

A

Trachea and main stem bronchi

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20
Q

Trachea and 1st few branches of bronchi have smooth muscle that contain ?

A

Autonomic nerves (symp/para)

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21
Q

2 autonomic receptors in smooth muscle of trachea and 1st few branches of bronchi

A

Beta-2 adrenergic
Muscarinic

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22
Q

Stimulated by sympathetic nerves to increase diameter of airways

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

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23
Q

Stimulated by parasympathetic nerve to decrease diameter of airways

A

Muscarinic

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24
Q

Cells in lining of airways are mostly

A

Ciliated columnar

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25
Q

Cells in lining of airways that produce mucus

A

Goblet cells

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26
Q

Name for when particles trapped in mucus are moved by cilia to be expelled

A

Muco ciliary escalator

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27
Q

Smaller branches of bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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28
Q

Air goes through these for 15-20 generations

A

Conducting bronchioles

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29
Q

Conducting bronchioles receive oxygenated blood from

A

Bronchial arteries

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30
Q

3 types of cells that make up of conducting bronchiole lining

A

Ciliated columnar
Goblet
Club cells

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31
Q

What do Club Cells secrete to protect bronchial epithelium?

A

GAGs

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32
Q

What cell can transform into ciliated columnar cells to regenerate and replace damaged ones?

A

Club cells

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33
Q

What is last branch of bronchioles before reaching air sacs

A

Terminal bronchioles

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34
Q

Bronchioles with out pouches along them

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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35
Q

Unique out-pouches along respiratory bronchioles are called

A

Alveoli

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36
Q

How many alveoli in the lungs

A

500 million

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37
Q

Why are alveoli considered a duct and not a respiratory bronchiole

A

Because they are the final destination of inhaled air.

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38
Q

Thin, epithelial cells that line the alveoli

A

Pneumocytes

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39
Q

Most common pneumocyte in alveoli where gas exchange occurs

A

Type 1

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40
Q

Pneumocyte that secretes surfactant to decrease surface tension from water vapor and keep alveoli from collapsing

A

Type 2

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41
Q

True/false: type 2 pneumocyte can morph into type 1 to regenerate damaged cells

A

True

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42
Q

Immune cell in alveoli that consumes debris and pathogens

A

Alveolar macrophages

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43
Q

How does polarity of surfactant in alveoli prevent water vapor from sticking together

A

Breaks H+ bonds in H20

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44
Q

What joins alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

A

Basement membrane

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45
Q

What is the basement membrane that joins alveoli and pulmonary capillaries also known as

A

Blood-Gas Barrier

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46
Q

2 types of respiration

A

Internal (cellular)
External

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47
Q

What are the main 2 inputs for Internal Respiration

A

Food + O2

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48
Q

What is another term for internal respiration

A

Cellular Metabolism

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49
Q

In what part of cell does aerobic metabolism take place

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

O2 is used as an electron receptor at the end of metabolic process called what?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

What is produced by cellular respiration

A

ATP, heat and CO2

52
Q

How much captured energy is stored as ATP in cellular respiration

A

25%

53
Q

How much energy is released as heat to maintain core temperature in cell respiration

A

75%

54
Q

Byproduct of internal respiration

A

CO2

55
Q

2 purposes of external respiration

A

1) deliver O2 to tissue
2) remove CO2

56
Q

Main purpose of external respiration is to aid what?

A

Cell respiration

57
Q

Air that enters thoracic cavity only goes to what structures?

A

Lungs

58
Q

Where does thoracic cavity run from/to

A

Clavicles to diaphragm

59
Q

Fluid between visceral and parietal membranes

A

Intrapleural fluid

60
Q

Thoracic pressure is higher or lower than atmosphere and abdominal cavity?

A

Lower

61
Q

What maintains lower pressure in thoracic cavity?

A

Air-tight seal in pleural cavity

62
Q

What is intrapleural fliud mostly made of?

A

H2O

63
Q

What covers alveoli sacs?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

64
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

Pulmonary capillaries

65
Q

What cells are in the pulmonary capillaries

A

Endothelial
RBCs

66
Q

Gas exchange happens via what process

A

Passive diffusion

67
Q

What causes passive diffusion

A

Partial pressure gradient

68
Q

What is the measure of concentration of gas?

A

Partial pressure

69
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level

A

760 mmHg

70
Q

How much of air is Nitrogen

A

79%

71
Q

How much of air is Oxygen

A

21%

72
Q

What is partial pressure of N if atmosphere is 760?

A

600 mmHg
760 x 0.79

73
Q

What is partial pressure of O2 if atmosphere is 760?

A

160 mmHg
760 x 21%

74
Q

What is partial pressure of CO2 in air

A

0.03 mmHg

75
Q

In lungs, why does partial pressure of O2 and N2 go down?

A

Humidity (H2O) in lungs

76
Q

Why is Po2 in alveoli lower than Po2 in lungs?

A

Because only 15% is fresh air; higher CO2

77
Q

What is Po2 of deoxygenated blood in pulmonary artery?

A

40 mmHg

78
Q

What is partial pressure gradient between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?

A

60
100 in alveoli - 40 in deoxygenated blood

79
Q

What happens when Po2 of capillary blood and alveolar space become equal?

A

Diffusion stops

80
Q

What is Pco2 in deoxygenated blood?

A

46 mmHg

81
Q

What is Pco2 in alveoli

A

40 mmHg

82
Q

What is partial pressure gradient for CO2 between alveoli and capillaries

A

6 mmHg

83
Q

What does CO2 do in the body?

A

Contributes to pH balance

84
Q

What is Po2 of fully oxygenated blood

A

100 mmHg

85
Q

What is surface area/barrier thickness x partial pressure?

A

Diffusion barrier

86
Q

How big is the surface area of the lungs

A

75 m2

87
Q

If lungs were just hollow sacs without alveoli, what would surface area be?

A

0.01m

88
Q

True/false: lungs are highly adapted to maximize gas diffusion

A

True

89
Q

What is thickness of diffusion barrier between alveoli air and blood

A

0.5 microns

90
Q

What 3 things can alter diffusion of gas

A

Reduced alveoli function
Thickness of barrier (scar)
Change in pressure (atmosphere, narrow airways)

91
Q

How much of O2 is chemically bound in blood?

A

98%

92
Q

How much O2 is physically dissolved in plasma?

A

1.5%

93
Q

4 subunits of hemoglobin

A

Heme groups

94
Q

What in heme group can bind to 1 molecule of O2?

A

Iron

95
Q

If one hemoglobin molecule is carrying four O2 molecules, it’s considered to be

A

Fully Saturated

96
Q

Hemoglobin molecule is made up of

A

Beta and Alpha chains

97
Q

What is main factor that determines binding of O2 to hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

Partial pressure of O2

98
Q

What is O2 + Hb called ?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

99
Q

Po2 of blood determines what

A

Hemoglobin saturation

100
Q

When blood has high saturation of O2 after leaving lungs, what does hemoglobin do to O2

A

Holds on tight

101
Q

When Po2 in capillaries decreases, what does hemoglobin do with O2?

A

Let’s go easily to give O2 to tissue

102
Q

What does % of Hb reflect?

A

Metabolic activity

103
Q

3 factors that influence %Hb

A

1) CO2
2) acidity
3) local temperature

104
Q

High CO2, low pH (acidic) and high temperature indicates what?

A

Increase in metabolism

105
Q

What happens on dissociation curve with increase metabolism?

A

Right shift

106
Q

What does a right shift of curve indicate

A

Lower saturation of hemoglobin

107
Q

When there is a lower saturation of hemoglobin, how does that affect tissue?

A

Means O2 was delivered to it

108
Q

Is Hb saturation higher or lower with left shift on diss curve?

A

Higher

109
Q

True/False: When there is higher saturation (left shift), tissue doesn’t need O2

A

True

110
Q

4 Steps of external respiration

A

Ventilation
Exchange
Transport
Extraction

111
Q

% of CO2 that physically dissolved in blood

A

10%

112
Q

Why does CO2 dissolve better in blood?

A

Because it’s more polar

113
Q

% of CO2 bound to globin (not heme group) in blood

A

30%

114
Q

What happens when CO2 binds to globin?

A

Decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 and it lets go of O2

115
Q

What effect helps lungs release CO2

A

Haldane Effect

116
Q

What helps metabolizing tissue release O2 (right shift)

A

Bohr’s effect

117
Q

How much of blood CO2 is carried by bicarbonate (HCO3)?

A

60%

118
Q

HCO3 leaves RBC via what?

A

An exchanger

119
Q

What comes into the RBC as HCO3 leaves?

A

Chloride

120
Q

What type of transporter is the HCO3/chloride exchanger?

A

Secondary active transporter

AP2 (10 decks)

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