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Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is natural state of lungs?

A

Collapsed

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2
Q

What keeps lungs “stuck” to thoracic cavity?

A

Intrapleural fluid surface tension

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3
Q

What happens to pressure gradient of lungs during inhale?

A

Decreased

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4
Q

What happens to pressure gradient in lungs during exhale?

A

Increases

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5
Q

True/False: as lungs expand and volume increases, pressure decreases

A

True

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6
Q

If pressure in lungs is 760, what is pressure of fluid?

A

756

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7
Q

Most restful breathing is done by what muscle?

A

Diaphragm

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8
Q

When diaphragm contracts, happens to lungs?

A

Lengthen

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9
Q

What muscles increase circumference and width of thoracic cavity?

A

External intercostal

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10
Q

When lungs equal atmospheric pressure, what happens?

A

Inhale stops

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11
Q

When muscles relax, pressure increases and volume decreases, what is happening?

A

Passive exhale

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12
Q

What accessory muscles are involved in forceful breathing?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus

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13
Q

What lift sternum and clavicles to expand thoracic cavity?

A

Accessory muscles

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14
Q

What muscles are involved in forceful exhalation

A

Internal intercostal (shrink rib cage)
Diaphragm

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15
Q

Why are nerves of breathing unique?

A

They are both voluntary and involuntary

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16
Q

What nerves drive rhythmic breathing?

A

Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerves

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17
Q

What muscle do phrenic nerves control?

A

Diaphragm

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18
Q

Where do phrenic nerves connect in spinal cord?

A

C3-C5

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19
Q

True/False: spinal injury above C3-C5 requires mechanical assistance with breathing

A

True

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20
Q

Where do intercostal muscles connect to spinal cord?

A

Thoracic region

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21
Q

Where is brain respiratory center?

A

Brain stem

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22
Q

Two areas of brain stem that control breathing

A

Medulla
Pons

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23
Q

What is the most important area of brain stem when it comes to breathing?

A

Medulla

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24
Q

Group of nuclei in medulla that control restful breathing

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

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25
Group of nuclei in medulla that control forceful breathing
Ventral Respiratory Grouo (VRG)
26
Muscles controlled by DRG
Diaphragm External intercostal
27
Muscles controlled by VRG
Internal intercostal Abdominal
28
What is the pace setter of the medulla?
Pre botzinger complex
29
What does pre-botzibger trigger first
DRG
30
If forceful breathing is needed, what does DRG recruit to get more force
VRG ( they trigger muscles)
31
What does Pons regulate in breathing?
Rate (duration) and depth of breath; longer breath = deeper
32
What center in Pons shortens inhale?
Pneumotaxic
33
What center in Pons lengthens inhale?
Aponeuistic
34
How is pons different than pre-botzinger?
Prebotzinger is a fixed rate that stimulates DRG Pons changes based on body needs (O2, CO2, pH)
35
2 types of respiratory control are
1) voluntary 2) involuntary
36
What type of respiratory control is considered “top down” based on body needs
Involuntary
37
How many breaths per minute in a rest state?
10-12
38
Typical volume of a resting breath
500 ml
39
With physical activity, why do volume and rate increase
Metabolic demand
40
True/false: Efferent control of breathing is from DRG/VRG and fine tuned by Pons
True
41
Would brain damage above the brain stem still allow you to breathe?
Yes
42
If pons was damaged but medulla still working, could you still breathe?
Yes
43
If vagus nerve snipped and feedback from body was cut off, what happens?
Could breathe at baseline but couldn’t change rate based on metabolic need
44
Long gasps followed by short exhale (usually from severe brain trauma) is called
Aponeusis
45
With aponuesis, what happens to to aponeustic center?
It dominates pneumotaxic center and can’t receive input from body
46
All top down control happens with what condition?
Apneusis
47
What 2 things do pulmonary receptors respond to?
1) Stretch 2) Irritation
48
What do stretch receptors protect the lungs from?
Over-inflation
49
What do irritant receptors protect the lungs from?
Chemical injury
50
Where are pulmonary stretch receptors found?
Bronchioles smooth muscle
51
Do Pulmonary Stretch Receptors (PSR) respond to chemical irritation at all?
Yes, but minimally
52
PSR reflex that kicks in at the beginning of exercise when you are taking huge breaths
Hering-Bruer reflex
53
What does Hering-Bruer reflex do to breathing?
Makes it shallow and rapid to prevent over-inflation
54
Where are Pulmonary Irritant Receptors (PIR) found?
In lumen of airway among ciliated columnar epithelial cells
55
What do PIR do if they sense an inhaled irritant?
Broncho constriction and gasping breaths to minimize exposure
56
2nd irritant receptors found in alveolar sacs
J-Irritant receptors (“juxta-capillary”)
57
What do J-irritant receptors do?
Broncho-constriction to prevent irritant from entering blood via gas exchange and damage to this area
58
What three things in blood influence respiration
PO2, PCO2, pH
59
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors (PCR) found?
Aortic arch Carotid sinus
60
What are PCRs most sensitive to?
PH (some PO2)
61
Where are central chemoreceptors (CCR) found?
Brain stem
62
What are CCRs most sensitive to?
PCO2 (some PO2)
63
Why is PCO2 so important to monitor?
Changes rapidly; predicts O2 change
64
What does PO2 indicate?
How much O2 bound to hemoglobin
65
What does PCO2 indicate
Metabolic activity
66
What PO2 or below will trigger “emergency” and PCRs kick in
60 mmHg
67
What is hemoglobin saturation when PO2 at 60
92%
68
How much PCO2 dissolved in plasma
10%
69
True/False: CO2 dissolved in plasma easily crosses blood brain barrier
True
70
True/false: CCRs regulate breathing moment to moment
True
71
How do CCRs regulate arterial PCO2
Increase ventilation to blow off CO2
72
Acidosis in blood will stimulate which chemoreceptors
Peripheral

AP2 (10 decks)

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