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AP2 > Respiratory System Part 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is natural state of lungs?

A

Collapsed

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2
Q

What keeps lungs “stuck” to thoracic cavity?

A

Intrapleural fluid surface tension

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3
Q

What happens to pressure gradient of lungs during inhale?

A

Decreased

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4
Q

What happens to pressure gradient in lungs during exhale?

A

Increases

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5
Q

True/False: as lungs expand and volume increases, pressure decreases

A

True

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6
Q

If pressure in lungs is 760, what is pressure of fluid?

A

756

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7
Q

Most restful breathing is done by what muscle?

A

Diaphragm

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8
Q

When diaphragm contracts, happens to lungs?

A

Lengthen

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9
Q

What muscles increase circumference and width of thoracic cavity?

A

External intercostal

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10
Q

When lungs equal atmospheric pressure, what happens?

A

Inhale stops

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11
Q

When muscles relax, pressure increases and volume decreases, what is happening?

A

Passive exhale

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12
Q

What accessory muscles are involved in forceful breathing?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus

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13
Q

What lift sternum and clavicles to expand thoracic cavity?

A

Accessory muscles

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14
Q

What muscles are involved in forceful exhalation

A

Internal intercostal (shrink rib cage)
Diaphragm

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15
Q

Why are nerves of breathing unique?

A

They are both voluntary and involuntary

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16
Q

What nerves drive rhythmic breathing?

A

Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerves

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17
Q

What muscle do phrenic nerves control?

A

Diaphragm

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18
Q

Where do phrenic nerves connect in spinal cord?

A

C3-C5

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19
Q

True/False: spinal injury above C3-C5 requires mechanical assistance with breathing

A

True

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20
Q

Where do intercostal muscles connect to spinal cord?

A

Thoracic region

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21
Q

Where is brain respiratory center?

A

Brain stem

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22
Q

Two areas of brain stem that control breathing

A

Medulla
Pons

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23
Q

What is the most important area of brain stem when it comes to breathing?

A

Medulla

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24
Q

Group of nuclei in medulla that control restful breathing

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

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25
Q

Group of nuclei in medulla that control forceful breathing

A

Ventral Respiratory Grouo (VRG)

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26
Q

Muscles controlled by DRG

A

Diaphragm
External intercostal

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27
Q

Muscles controlled by VRG

A

Internal intercostal
Abdominal

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28
Q

What is the pace setter of the medulla?

A

Pre botzinger complex

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29
Q

What does pre-botzibger trigger first

A

DRG

30
Q

If forceful breathing is needed, what does DRG recruit to get more force

A

VRG ( they trigger muscles)

31
Q

What does Pons regulate in breathing?

A

Rate (duration) and depth of breath; longer breath = deeper

32
Q

What center in Pons shortens inhale?

A

Pneumotaxic

33
Q

What center in Pons lengthens inhale?

A

Aponeuistic

34
Q

How is pons different than pre-botzinger?

A

Prebotzinger is a fixed rate that stimulates DRG
Pons changes based on body needs (O2, CO2, pH)

35
Q

2 types of respiratory control are

A

1) voluntary
2) involuntary

36
Q

What type of respiratory control is considered “top down” based on body needs

A

Involuntary

37
Q

How many breaths per minute in a rest state?

A

10-12

38
Q

Typical volume of a resting breath

A

500 ml

39
Q

With physical activity, why do volume and rate increase

A

Metabolic demand

40
Q

True/false: Efferent control of breathing is from DRG/VRG and fine tuned by Pons

A

True

41
Q

Would brain damage above the brain stem still allow you to breathe?

A

Yes

42
Q

If pons was damaged but medulla still working, could you still breathe?

A

Yes

43
Q

If vagus nerve snipped and feedback from body was cut off, what happens?

A

Could breathe at baseline but couldn’t change rate based on metabolic need

44
Q

Long gasps followed by short exhale (usually from severe brain trauma) is called

A

Aponeusis

45
Q

With aponuesis, what happens to to aponeustic center?

A

It dominates pneumotaxic center and can’t receive input from body

46
Q

All top down control happens with what condition?

A

Apneusis

47
Q

What 2 things do pulmonary receptors respond to?

A

1) Stretch
2) Irritation

48
Q

What do stretch receptors protect the lungs from?

A

Over-inflation

49
Q

What do irritant receptors protect the lungs from?

A

Chemical injury

50
Q

Where are pulmonary stretch receptors found?

A

Bronchioles smooth muscle

51
Q

Do Pulmonary Stretch Receptors (PSR) respond to chemical irritation at all?

A

Yes, but minimally

52
Q

PSR reflex that kicks in at the beginning of exercise when you are taking huge breaths

A

Hering-Bruer reflex

53
Q

What does Hering-Bruer reflex do to breathing?

A

Makes it shallow and rapid to prevent over-inflation

54
Q

Where are Pulmonary Irritant Receptors (PIR) found?

A

In lumen of airway among ciliated columnar epithelial cells

55
Q

What do PIR do if they sense an inhaled irritant?

A

Broncho constriction and gasping breaths to minimize exposure

56
Q

2nd irritant receptors found in alveolar sacs

A

J-Irritant receptors (“juxta-capillary”)

57
Q

What do J-irritant receptors do?

A

Broncho-constriction to prevent irritant from entering blood via gas exchange and damage to this area

58
Q

What three things in blood influence respiration

A

PO2, PCO2, pH

59
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors (PCR) found?

A

Aortic arch
Carotid sinus

60
Q

What are PCRs most sensitive to?

A

PH (some PO2)

61
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors (CCR) found?

A

Brain stem

62
Q

What are CCRs most sensitive to?

A

PCO2 (some PO2)

63
Q

Why is PCO2 so important to monitor?

A

Changes rapidly; predicts O2 change

64
Q

What does PO2 indicate?

A

How much O2 bound to hemoglobin

65
Q

What does PCO2 indicate

A

Metabolic activity

66
Q

What PO2 or below will trigger “emergency” and PCRs kick in

A

60 mmHg

67
Q

What is hemoglobin saturation when PO2 at 60

A

92%

68
Q

How much PCO2 dissolved in plasma

A

10%

69
Q

True/False: CO2 dissolved in plasma easily crosses blood brain barrier

A

True

70
Q

True/false: CCRs regulate breathing moment to moment

A

True

71
Q

How do CCRs regulate arterial PCO2

A

Increase ventilation to blow off CO2

72
Q

Acidosis in blood will stimulate which chemoreceptors

A

Peripheral

AP2 (10 decks)

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