Heart Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiac
A
Heart
2
Q
Network of capillaries that carry blood to/from the heart
A
Vascular system
3
Q
Which side receives O poor blood
A
Right
4
Q
Which side receives O rich blood?
A
Left
5
Q
Where does O rich blood get pumped to?
A
Systemic arteries and organs
6
Q
Is cardiovascular system open or closed system
A
Closed
7
Q
Vessels that carry blood away from heart
A
Arteries
8
Q
Only artery that carries O poor blood
A
Pulmonary artery
9
Q
Where does pulmonary artery carry o poor blood to?
A
Lungs
10
Q
What carries O rich blood from lungs to heart?
A
Pulmonary veins
11
Q
Bottom right of heart is called?
A
Apex
12
Q
What makes up most mass of the heart?
A
Ventricles
13
Q
Systemic veins that drain O poor blood from upper or lower body
A
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
14
Q
Where do superior/inferior vena cava drain blood to?
A
Right atrium
15
Q
Blood from right ventricle enters into what?
A
Pulmonary trunk
16
Q
What does pulmonary trunk branch into
A
Right and left pulmonary arteries
17
Q
Where do where do pulmonary arteries go?
A
Lungs
18
Q
Where does blood from pulmonary veins enter into the heart
A
Left atrium
19
Q
After O rich blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle, where next?
A
Ascending aorta
20
Q
Where does blood go after ascending aorta?
A
Aortic arch
21
Q
Where does blood go after aortic arch
A
Thoracic aorta
22
Q
Name 3 branches on top of aortic arch
A
1) brachiocephalic trunk
2) left subclavian artery
3) left common carotid
23
Q
Where do 3 branches on top of aorta mainly bring blood?
A
Head and brain
24
Q
Blood vessels that bring and remove blood from heart muscle itself
A
1) coronary arteries (R&L)
2) circumflex artery
3) LAD
25
True/False: Artria contract at same time
True
26
True/False ventricles contract at same time
True
27
Muscular wall that separates right and left sides of heart
Interventricular septum
28
What does nervous tissue in interventricular septum create
Action potential to pump heart
29
Which side of the heart is more muscular
Left
30
Why is left side of heart more muscular
Must generate more force to overcome aortic pressure
31
What ensures one-way flow in the heart
Valves
32
What is valve in left ventricle
Aortic valve
33
What valve is under right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
34
Valves from artria to ventricles
AV valves
35
What is left bicuspid AV valve also called
Mitral valve
36
What is base of AV valves
Ring of cartilage
37
What is each cusp of an AV valve anchored to the ventricle by
Chordae tendinae
38
What do chordae tendonae attach to in the ventricle wall
Papillary muscles
39
What are aortic and pulmonary valves also called
Semi-lunar valves
40
What causes the cups of semi-lunar valves to fill with blood and seal off the valve
Decrease in ventricular pressure
41
What phase does the heart fill with blood
When at rest
42
When the heart is at rest and has zero pressure, what have high pressure that cause the valves leading to the heart to seal
Aorta and pulmonary arteries
43
Are AV valves open or closed when the heart has zero pressure
Open
44
What is it also called when heart contracts
Ejection phase
45
What closes AV valves
When ventricles fill with blood
46
Where does blood go from heart in ejection phase
Aortic and pulmonary valves
47
What is the serous membrane of the heart
Pericardial cavity
48
What cushions the heart and reduces friction
Pericardial sac
49
What else is in pericardial sac that helps heart function
Nerve cells
50
Outside layer of pericardium
Fibrous
51
Pericardial Layer below fibrous
Parietal
52
Pericardial layer closest to heart
Visceral
53
What is the visceral layer also known as
Epicardium
54
Between parietal and visceral layer filled with fluid
Pericardial cavity
55
What produces the pericardial fluid
Parietal and visceral layers
56
Inside layer of heart chamber
Endocardium
57
Outside layer of heart chamber next to pericardial sac
Myocardium
58
Where is cardiac muscle located
Myocardium
59
What cause the muscle cells to contract as a unit
Intercalated disc junctions
60
What are the 2 type of intercalated disc junctions
1) Desmosomes
2) Gap
61
Protein adhesion that physically anchors cardiac muscle cells together
Desmosomes
62
Ion channels that allow ion flow from one cardiac muscle cell to the next
Gap junctions
63
Are Gap junctions active or passive in nature
Passive
64
Two cardiac cells types
1) contractile (99%)
2) auto rhythmic (1%)
65
Nerve tissue in heart that can generate action potential without direct nerve stimulation
Autorhythmic
66
Change in electrical voltage across membrane of cell
Action potential
67
Main ions that move across cell to create action potential
Na and K
68
Phase where heart is at rest, K+ is inside cell and Na+ outside
Phase 4
69
Charge of cardiac cell at phase 4
-70mV
70
Phase when fast Na+ ion channels open and Na+ floods into cell to depolarize
Phase 0
71
Phase when Na+ ion channels close
Phase 1
72
Plateau Phase when Ca++ goes into cell and K+ out
Phase 2
73
Phase when Ca++ channels close but K+ continues to flow out
Phase 3
74
What cells causes Phase 4 to Phase 0
Autorhythmic cells
75
True/False: Ca++ that enters one cell diffuses to next and triggers action potential in next cell
True
76
Phase whose main purpose is to recruit neighboring cells to contract as a unit
Plateau phase (2)
77
What charge of Autorhythmic cell opens Ca++ channels
-40mV
78
When positive charge of cell peaks and Ca++ channels close, what channels open
K+
79
What happens when K+ channels open and pull K+ out of cell
Charge decreases and cell becomes more negative
80
When cell charge becomes most negative, what happens
Repolarization
81
Autorhythmic node located in back of right atrial wall
Sinoatrial (SA) node
82
Fibers that go from SA node go to what
Left atrium and AV node
83
Where is AV node?
Junction of right atrium and ventricle
84
Two branches of AV node
1) bundle of his (R/L)
2) purkinje fibers
85
Fibers that move up from apex and penetrate deep into ventricle muscle on both sides
Bundle of His
86
Fibers that branch off bundle of his into ventricle walls
Purkinje fibers
87
Firing rate of SA node
70-80 action potentials/minute
88
Firing rate of AV node
40-60 AP/min
89
Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers firing rate
20-40 AP/min
90
What determines firing rate
Time is takes to depolarize
91
Because SA node fires the quickest, also known as
Pacemaker
92
100ms time lapse between AV node and SA node firing
AV nodal delay
93
What allows enough time for ventricles to max fill with blood
AV nodal delay
94
When AV node fires, what happens
Ventricles contract
95
Systole
Contraction
96
Diastole
Relaxation
97
How many leads for ECG
12
98
On ecg, what signifies depolarization of both atria
P wave
99
On ecg, what signifies depolarizing of ventricles and beginning of contraction
QRS complex
100
ECG, what is repolarization of ventricles
T wave
101
What is a flat line in ecg
No electrical activity
102
What is usually happening when there is no electrical activity (flat line)
Mechanical events (pressure change, muscle contraction)
103
On ECG, what is AV nodal delay
PR interval
104
Time that atria are contracting and ventricles filling
AV nodal delay
105
Ecg, contraction and emptying of ventricles (ejection)
ST interval
106
Ecg, diastolic rest phase between cycles
TP interval
107
What does ECG track
Electrical activity of heart
108
What are mechanical events in the heart
Pressure measurements
109
Sound when ventricular pressure rises and AV valves close
Lub
110
Sound when semilunar valves close as ventricle pressure drops
Dub
111
Volume in heart doesn’t change and all valves shut
ISO volumetric ventricular contraction
112
What opens when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure
Semilunar valves
113
What happens when semilunar valves open
Blood rushes from ventricles to arteries
114
Blood from right ventricle goes where
Pulmonary artery
115
Blood from left ventricle goes where
Aorta
116
When ventricular volume peaks and filling phase ends
End diastolic volume (EDV)
117
When blood is ejected at end of contraction
End systolic volume (ESV)
118
Amount of blood ejected from heart
Stroke volume
119
Stroke volume is calculated by
End diastolic volume in ventricles - End systolic volume in ventricles
EDV - ESV
120
On ecg, relaxation of ventricle also called
T-wave
121
What part of T wave does ventricular pressure drop below aortic pressure and semilunar valves shut
Middle of T wave
122
When semilunar valves shut and blood hits walls of valves to cause a blip
Dicrotic notch
123
Ventricles relax, valves shut and volume unchanged
Isovolumetric relaxation
124
When is ventricular pressure almost zero on ecg
End of t wave
125
What is volume of blood ejected from each ventricle per minute
Cardiac output
126
Volume of blood per beat is
Stroke volume
127
How is cardiac output calculated
Heart rate x stroke volume
128
Max heart rate
220 - age
129
Extent to which your heart can increase blood delivery into systemic circulation between max activity and rest state
Cardiac reserve
130
Cardiac reserve is calculated by
Max cardiac output - resting cardiac output
131
What is key to measuring cardiac performance
Cardiac output
132
What sets heart rate
SA node
133
Parasympathetic nerves do what to the firing of SA and AV nodes
Inhibit (slows heart)
134
What do sympathetic nerves do to heart
Speed it up
135
What controls stroke volume
Strength of muscle contraction by ventricles
136
2 mechanisms that change stroke volume
Intrinsic and extrinsic
137
Intrinsic control of SV is
Increased filling with more blood
138
Extrinsic control is
Effect of sympathetic stimulation to heart
139
When will cardiac muscle exert more force
When stretched (to a point)
140
The more blood that fills the heart, the more it will
Stretch
141
The more the heart stretches from increased volume, what increases
Stroke volume
142
High volume = high force = high SV
Frank-Starling Law
143
Sympathetic nerves cause heart to pump
Harder and faster (effect nodes and muscle contraction)
144
How many heart beats to move blood through entire heart
2 beats
(Enter in 1, leave in another)
145
Charge of cell membrane at peak of Phase 0
+30mV
146
What causes slow depolarization (less negative charge) of autorhythmic cells
Slow leak of Na+ into cell
147
What fires to cause the atria to depolarize
SA node
148
Resting pressure of aorta
~80mm Hg
149
Which has slightly greater pressure during heart at rest, left atrium or left ventricle
Atrium
150
What is significant about atrium having higher pressure than ventricle when heart at rest?
Means AV valves are open
151
What happens when ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure
AV valves shut
152
What happens to ventricular volume during ejection
Decreases dramatically
153
Where on ECG does it show that ventricular pressure has peaked and is starting to go down
Beginning of T wave
154
When ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, what begins
Ventricular diastole
155
What percentage of ventricular filling is due to atrial contraction (“atrial kick”)
20%
