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AP2 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac

A

Heart

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2
Q

Network of capillaries that carry blood to/from the heart

A

Vascular system

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3
Q

Which side receives O poor blood

A

Right

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4
Q

Which side receives O rich blood?

A

Left

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5
Q

Where does O rich blood get pumped to?

A

Systemic arteries and organs

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6
Q

Is cardiovascular system open or closed system

A

Closed

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7
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from heart

A

Arteries

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8
Q

Only artery that carries O poor blood

A

Pulmonary artery

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9
Q

Where does pulmonary artery carry o poor blood to?

A

Lungs

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10
Q

What carries O rich blood from lungs to heart?

A

Pulmonary veins

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11
Q

Bottom right of heart is called?

A

Apex

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12
Q

What makes up most mass of the heart?

A

Ventricles

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13
Q

Systemic veins that drain O poor blood from upper or lower body

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

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14
Q

Where do superior/inferior vena cava drain blood to?

A

Right atrium

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15
Q

Blood from right ventricle enters into what?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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16
Q

What does pulmonary trunk branch into

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries

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17
Q

Where do where do pulmonary arteries go?

A

Lungs

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18
Q

Where does blood from pulmonary veins enter into the heart

A

Left atrium

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19
Q

After O rich blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle, where next?

A

Ascending aorta

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20
Q

Where does blood go after ascending aorta?

A

Aortic arch

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21
Q

Where does blood go after aortic arch

A

Thoracic aorta

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22
Q

Name 3 branches on top of aortic arch

A

1) brachiocephalic trunk
2) left subclavian artery
3) left common carotid

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23
Q

Where do 3 branches on top of aorta mainly bring blood?

A

Head and brain

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24
Q

Blood vessels that bring and remove blood from heart muscle itself

A

1) coronary arteries (R&L)
2) circumflex artery
3) LAD

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25
Q

True/False: Artria contract at same time

A

True

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26
Q

True/False ventricles contract at same time

A

True

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27
Q

Muscular wall that separates right and left sides of heart

A

Interventricular septum

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28
Q

What does nervous tissue in interventricular septum create

A

Action potential to pump heart

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29
Q

Which side of the heart is more muscular

A

Left

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30
Q

Why is left side of heart more muscular

A

Must generate more force to overcome aortic pressure

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31
Q

What ensures one-way flow in the heart

A

Valves

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32
Q

What is valve in left ventricle

A

Aortic valve

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33
Q

What valve is under right ventricle

A

Pulmonary valve

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34
Q

Valves from artria to ventricles

A

AV valves

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35
Q

What is left bicuspid AV valve also called

A

Mitral valve

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36
Q

What is base of AV valves

A

Ring of cartilage

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37
Q

What is each cusp of an AV valve anchored to the ventricle by

A

Chordae tendinae

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38
Q

What do chordae tendonae attach to in the ventricle wall

A

Papillary muscles

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39
Q

What are aortic and pulmonary valves also called

A

Semi-lunar valves

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40
Q

What causes the cups of semi-lunar valves to fill with blood and seal off the valve

A

Decrease in ventricular pressure

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41
Q

What phase does the heart fill with blood

A

When at rest

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42
Q

When the heart is at rest and has zero pressure, what have high pressure that cause the valves leading to the heart to seal

A

Aorta and pulmonary arteries

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43
Q

Are AV valves open or closed when the heart has zero pressure

A

Open

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44
Q

What is it also called when heart contracts

A

Ejection phase

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45
Q

What closes AV valves

A

When ventricles fill with blood

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46
Q

Where does blood go from heart in ejection phase

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves

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47
Q

What is the serous membrane of the heart

A

Pericardial cavity

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48
Q

What cushions the heart and reduces friction

A

Pericardial sac

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49
Q

What else is in pericardial sac that helps heart function

A

Nerve cells

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50
Q

Outside layer of pericardium

A

Fibrous

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51
Q

Pericardial Layer below fibrous

A

Parietal

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52
Q

Pericardial layer closest to heart

A

Visceral

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53
Q

What is the visceral layer also known as

A

Epicardium

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54
Q

Between parietal and visceral layer filled with fluid

A

Pericardial cavity

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55
Q

What produces the pericardial fluid

A

Parietal and visceral layers

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56
Q

Inside layer of heart chamber

A

Endocardium

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57
Q

Outside layer of heart chamber next to pericardial sac

A

Myocardium

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58
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located

A

Myocardium

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59
Q

What cause the muscle cells to contract as a unit

A

Intercalated disc junctions

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60
Q

What are the 2 type of intercalated disc junctions

A

1) Desmosomes
2) Gap

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61
Q

Protein adhesion that physically anchors cardiac muscle cells together

A

Desmosomes

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62
Q

Ion channels that allow ion flow from one cardiac muscle cell to the next

A

Gap junctions

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63
Q

Are Gap junctions active or passive in nature

A

Passive

64
Q

Two cardiac cells types

A

1) contractile (99%)
2) auto rhythmic (1%)

65
Q

Nerve tissue in heart that can generate action potential without direct nerve stimulation

A

Autorhythmic

66
Q

Change in electrical voltage across membrane of cell

A

Action potential

67
Q

Main ions that move across cell to create action potential

A

Na and K

68
Q

Phase where heart is at rest, K+ is inside cell and Na+ outside

A

Phase 4

69
Q

Charge of cardiac cell at phase 4

A

-70mV

70
Q

Phase when fast Na+ ion channels open and Na+ floods into cell to depolarize

A

Phase 0

71
Q

Phase when Na+ ion channels close

A

Phase 1

72
Q

Plateau Phase when Ca++ goes into cell and K+ out

A

Phase 2

73
Q

Phase when Ca++ channels close but K+ continues to flow out

A

Phase 3

74
Q

What cells causes Phase 4 to Phase 0

A

Autorhythmic cells

75
Q

True/False: Ca++ that enters one cell diffuses to next and triggers action potential in next cell

A

True

76
Q

Phase whose main purpose is to recruit neighboring cells to contract as a unit

A

Plateau phase (2)

77
Q

What charge of Autorhythmic cell opens Ca++ channels

A

-40mV

78
Q

When positive charge of cell peaks and Ca++ channels close, what channels open

A

K+

79
Q

What happens when K+ channels open and pull K+ out of cell

A

Charge decreases and cell becomes more negative

80
Q

When cell charge becomes most negative, what happens

A

Repolarization

81
Q

Autorhythmic node located in back of right atrial wall

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

82
Q

Fibers that go from SA node go to what

A

Left atrium and AV node

83
Q

Where is AV node?

A

Junction of right atrium and ventricle

84
Q

Two branches of AV node

A

1) bundle of his (R/L)
2) purkinje fibers

85
Q

Fibers that move up from apex and penetrate deep into ventricle muscle on both sides

A

Bundle of His

86
Q

Fibers that branch off bundle of his into ventricle walls

A

Purkinje fibers

87
Q

Firing rate of SA node

A

70-80 action potentials/minute

88
Q

Firing rate of AV node

A

40-60 AP/min

89
Q

Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibers firing rate

A

20-40 AP/min

90
Q

What determines firing rate

A

Time is takes to depolarize

91
Q

Because SA node fires the quickest, also known as

A

Pacemaker

92
Q

100ms time lapse between AV node and SA node firing

A

AV nodal delay

93
Q

What allows enough time for ventricles to max fill with blood

A

AV nodal delay

94
Q

When AV node fires, what happens

A

Ventricles contract

95
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

96
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation

97
Q

How many leads for ECG

A

12

98
Q

On ecg, what signifies depolarization of both atria

A

P wave

99
Q

On ecg, what signifies depolarizing of ventricles and beginning of contraction

A

QRS complex

100
Q

ECG, what is repolarization of ventricles

A

T wave

101
Q

What is a flat line in ecg

A

No electrical activity

102
Q

What is usually happening when there is no electrical activity (flat line)

A

Mechanical events (pressure change, muscle contraction)

103
Q

On ECG, what is AV nodal delay

A

PR interval

104
Q

Time that atria are contracting and ventricles filling

A

AV nodal delay

105
Q

Ecg, contraction and emptying of ventricles (ejection)

A

ST interval

106
Q

Ecg, diastolic rest phase between cycles

A

TP interval

107
Q

What does ECG track

A

Electrical activity of heart

108
Q

What are mechanical events in the heart

A

Pressure measurements

109
Q

Sound when ventricular pressure rises and AV valves close

A

Lub

110
Q

Sound when semilunar valves close as ventricle pressure drops

A

Dub

111
Q

Volume in heart doesn’t change and all valves shut

A

ISO volumetric ventricular contraction

112
Q

What opens when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure

A

Semilunar valves

113
Q

What happens when semilunar valves open

A

Blood rushes from ventricles to arteries

114
Q

Blood from right ventricle goes where

A

Pulmonary artery

115
Q

Blood from left ventricle goes where

A

Aorta

116
Q

When ventricular volume peaks and filling phase ends

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

117
Q

When blood is ejected at end of contraction

A

End systolic volume (ESV)

118
Q

Amount of blood ejected from heart

A

Stroke volume

119
Q

Stroke volume is calculated by

A

End diastolic volume in ventricles - End systolic volume in ventricles
EDV - ESV

120
Q

On ecg, relaxation of ventricle also called

A

T-wave

121
Q

What part of T wave does ventricular pressure drop below aortic pressure and semilunar valves shut

A

Middle of T wave

122
Q

When semilunar valves shut and blood hits walls of valves to cause a blip

A

Dicrotic notch

123
Q

Ventricles relax, valves shut and volume unchanged

A

Isovolumetric relaxation

124
Q

When is ventricular pressure almost zero on ecg

A

End of t wave

125
Q

What is volume of blood ejected from each ventricle per minute

A

Cardiac output

126
Q

Volume of blood per beat is

A

Stroke volume

127
Q

How is cardiac output calculated

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

128
Q

Max heart rate

A

220 - age

129
Q

Extent to which your heart can increase blood delivery into systemic circulation between max activity and rest state

A

Cardiac reserve

130
Q

Cardiac reserve is calculated by

A

Max cardiac output - resting cardiac output

131
Q

What is key to measuring cardiac performance

A

Cardiac output

132
Q

What sets heart rate

A

SA node

133
Q

Parasympathetic nerves do what to the firing of SA and AV nodes

A

Inhibit (slows heart)

134
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do to heart

A

Speed it up

135
Q

What controls stroke volume

A

Strength of muscle contraction by ventricles

136
Q

2 mechanisms that change stroke volume

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

137
Q

Intrinsic control of SV is

A

Increased filling with more blood

138
Q

Extrinsic control is

A

Effect of sympathetic stimulation to heart

139
Q

When will cardiac muscle exert more force

A

When stretched (to a point)

140
Q

The more blood that fills the heart, the more it will

A

Stretch

141
Q

The more the heart stretches from increased volume, what increases

A

Stroke volume

142
Q

High volume = high force = high SV

A

Frank-Starling Law

143
Q

Sympathetic nerves cause heart to pump

A

Harder and faster (effect nodes and muscle contraction)

144
Q

How many heart beats to move blood through entire heart

A

2 beats
(Enter in 1, leave in another)

145
Q

Charge of cell membrane at peak of Phase 0

A

+30mV

146
Q

What causes slow depolarization (less negative charge) of autorhythmic cells

A

Slow leak of Na+ into cell

147
Q

What fires to cause the atria to depolarize

A

SA node

148
Q

Resting pressure of aorta

A

~80mm Hg

149
Q

Which has slightly greater pressure during heart at rest, left atrium or left ventricle

A

Atrium

150
Q

What is significant about atrium having higher pressure than ventricle when heart at rest?

A

Means AV valves are open

151
Q

What happens when ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure

A

AV valves shut

152
Q

What happens to ventricular volume during ejection

A

Decreases dramatically

153
Q

Where on ECG does it show that ventricular pressure has peaked and is starting to go down

A

Beginning of T wave

154
Q

When ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, what begins

A

Ventricular diastole

155
Q

What percentage of ventricular filling is due to atrial contraction (“atrial kick”)

A

20%

AP2 (10 decks)

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