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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What system varies the concentration of urine?

A

Medullary countercurrent system

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2
Q

What is the range in osmolarity in urine?

A

100-1200

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3
Q

What is osmolarity of urine when body is in perfect balance?

A

300

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4
Q

What is rate of 300 mOsm

A

1 ml/min

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5
Q

What is osmolarity of hypotonic urine

A

Less than 290

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6
Q

Rate of excretion if over hydrated

A

25ml/min

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7
Q

What is osmolarity of urine with dehydration

A

Greater than 290-300

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8
Q

Rate of urine production if dehydrated

A

0.3 ml/min

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9
Q

True/false: osmotic gradient in renal medulla persists and allows reabsorption of h2o regardless of hydration

A

True

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10
Q

Where is the highest osmotic gradient in kidney?

A

Medulla near renal pelvis

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11
Q

What structure creates osmotic gradient?

A

Juxtamedullary loops of henle

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12
Q

What part of all nephrons use the osmotic gradient to vary h2o concentration?

A

Distal tubules and Collecting ducts

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13
Q

What is descending loop permeable to?

A

H20

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14
Q

What is descending loop NOT permeable to?

A

Na+

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15
Q

What is ascending loop permeable to?

A

Na+

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16
Q

What is ascending loop NOT permeable to?

A

H20

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17
Q

What will raise osmolarity of interstitial space of medulla?

A

Sodium

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18
Q

What is osmolarity of urine in ascending loop?

A

100

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19
Q

If no more h20 is reabsorbed in distal and collecting duct, what is osmolarity of urine?

A

100

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20
Q

If h20 is reabsorbed at distal and collecting, what is max osmolarity of urine?

A

1200

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21
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

ADH

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22
Q

Where is AHD produced?

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

Posterior pituitary

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24
Q

What does ADH bind to in kidneys?

A

Receptors at epithelial cells in distal and collecting duct

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25
What type of system does ADH act through?
2nd messenger
26
What does ADH increase in renal cells?
Cyclic AMP
27
What does cyclic amp increase in renal cells do?
Increases # of lumenal Aquaporins
28
What does an increase in ADH do?
Increases concentration of urine because is causes more h20 to be absorbed
29
True/false: ADH cause h20 reabsorption independent of Na+
True
30
Kidneys play a part in long term regulation of plasma volume. This affects what long term?
BP
31
Decrease in Na does what to ECF (plasma) volume
Decreases it
32
How does body monitor plasma volume?
By BP regulation
33
What sensory receptors monitor BP
Baroreceptors
34
What 2 baroreceptors monitor short term regulation (few minutes) of BP?
Aortic arch Carotid sinus
35
Which baroreceptors monitor long term BP regulation?
Renal baroreceptors
36
Why can renal baroreceptors monitor BP long term?
They never adapt to BP change; have a set point
37
Where are renal baroreceptors located?
Juxtamedullary apparatus
38
How do kidneys regulate blood pressure?
By controlling blood volume
39
How do kidneys control blood volume?
By controlling sodium
40
What part of JXA sense pressure of afferent arteriole and monitors BP constantly?
Granular cells
41
If BP decreases, what enzyme do granular cells release to increase blood volume?
Renin
42
What does renin do?
Converts a protein produced by liver (angiotensinogen) to angiotensin 1
43
What is angiotensin 1?
Hormone
44
Is angiotensin 1 active?
No
45
What converts A1 to A2?
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
46
Where are high levels of ACE found?
Organs (Lungs)
47
Is A2 active hormone?
Yes
48
What does A2 do?
Increases blood Na+ and volume
49
What is considered the rate limiting enzyme in the production of A2?
Renin
50
How does A2 increase Na+ absorption?
Acts on adrenal cortex to make aldosterone
51
How does aldosterone increase plasma volume?
Increases Na+ absorption on distal and collecting
52
How does vasoconstriction from A2 affect plasma volume?
1) Raise systemic BP 2) decrease urine production
53
3rd way A2 increases plasma volume
Enhances auto regulation system to decrease GFR
54
Does A2 stimulate Na/H exchangers in proximal to increase net Na+?
Yes
55
5th way A2 increases plasma volume
Stimulates thirst and ADH release in hypothalamus
56
Summary of how A2 changes plasma volume
1) increases Na+ reabsorption 2) decreases GFR 3) increase h20 intake and absorption
57
2 elements that control body water
1) kidneys 2) thirst
58
True/false: control of h20 thru kidneys and thirst is a negative feedback loop
True
59
Where does negative feedback of water control start
Hypothalamus
60
Part of brain near hypothalamus that sense plasma composition
Circumventricular organs (CVO)
61
What are 2 Central Osmo Receptors
SFO OVLT
62
If plasma is too concentrated, what does hypothalamus release from posterior pituitary
ADH
63
What does ADH do at distal and collecting
Increase H20 reabsorption
64
What is plasma osmolarity threshold to release ADH
280 mOsm
65
What happens if plasma osmolarity falls below 280?
ADH gets shut off and dilute urine is produced
66
What percent increase above 280 in plasma osmolarity will trigger release of more ADH
1%
67
What do SFO and OVLT increase if plasma osmolarity increases
Thirst
68
What part of brain control’s sympathetic nerve activity output
Brain stem
69
Thirst and ADH get stimulated by
Osmolarity increase BP decrease
70
Where is ADH metabolized in body?
Liver
71
If liver is diseased, what happens to rate of ADH breakdown?
It is diminished and plasma ADH increases (bad)
72
How does pain, fear, trauma affect plasma osmolarity?
Increase sympathetic activation and inappropriate release of ADH
73
What does alcohol consumption do that affects plasma is osmolarity?
Decreases ADH production Increases dehydration

AP2 (10 decks)

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