Circulatory and Transport System Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the circulatory system
A
- carry nutrients and oxygen to cells
- carry waste away from cells
- carry chemical signals form one part to another
- distribute heat throughout
- maintain fluid levels
2
Q
do not need a circulatory system
A
unicellular organisms
3
Q
lacks circulatory system
A
simple aquatic multicellular organism
4
Q
- tube-like cells which line the pores called ostia present on the body wall of sponges.
- regulates incoming water current by contraction
A
porocytes
5
Q
- specialized cells that have a single flagellum surrounded by a net-like collar of microvilli
- create a flow of water
- capture food items as they pass by these cells.
A
choanocytes
6
Q
line the outside of the sponge and form its skin
A
flat epidermal cells
7
Q
- transport of nutrients
- excretion of the spicules
- production of gametes
A
amoebocytes
8
Q
require a circulatory system
A
complex multicellular organisms
9
Q
Two types of circulatory system
A
- Open circulatory system
- Closed circulatory system
10
Q
- blood is pumped by a heart through vessels
- does not normally fill body cavities
- echinoderms and vertebrates
A
Closed circulatory system
11
Q
Example of organisms that does not need a circulatory system
A
- amoeba
- sponge
12
Q
- fluid called hemolymph is pumped through a blood vessel that empties through a body cavity
- fluid returns to the blood vessel called ostia
- mollusks, crustaceans, insects
A
Open circulatory system
13
Q
Examples of animals with closed circulatory system
A
- echinoderms
- vertebrates
14
Q
Examples of animals with open circulatory system
A
- mollusks
- crustaceans
- insects
15
Q
fluid that is pumped in open circulatory system
A
hemolymph
16
Q
the primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid
A
hemocoel
17
Q
where the fluid from the hemocoel returns to the heart
A
ostia
18
Q
- the major structural component of an insect’s circulatory system
- runs longitudinally through the thorax and abdomen, along the inside of the dorsal body wall
- In most insects, it is a fragile, membranous structure that collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forward to the head
A
dorsal blood vessel
19
Q
Two types of circulation
A
- Blood circulation
- Lymph circulation
20
Q
blood circulation is via
A
cardiovascular system
21
Q
lymph circulation is via
A
lymphatic system
22
Q
central organ of the cardiovascular system
A
heart
23
Q
tubes in the human or animal body in which blood circulates
A
blood vessels
24
Q
constantly circulating fluid providing the body with nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal
A
blood
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A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels
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- small structures that work as filters for foreign substances, such as cancer cells and infections
- contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid
lymph nodes
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- is a clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissues.
- a collection of the extra fluid that drains from cells and tissues
lymph
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fibrous sac that surrounds the heart
pericardium
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Two layers of the pericardium
1. fibrous pericardium
2. serous pericardium
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- outer layer
- a layer of connective tissue that provides support and protection for the heart
- has a number of attachments to the diaphragm, the sternum , and the vertebral column.
- holds the heart in place.
fibrous pericardium
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- inconsistent structures serving to tether the anterior surface of the pericardium to the sternum
sternopericardial ligaments
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Two layers of the serous pericardium
1. parietal pericardium
2. visceral pericardium
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lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
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lines the outer surface of the heart itself
visceral pericardium
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continuous virtual space that lies between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
pericardial cavity
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pericardial cavity contains what
pericardial fluid
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fluid that provides lubrication between the two layers, and allows the heart to expand and contract
pericardial fluid
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- an inflammation of the serous pericardium of the heart.
- results in an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, which effects the pattern of beating in the heart
Pericarditis
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happens when the fluid sac around your heart fills with blood or other fluid, putting pressure on your heart
Cardiac tamponade
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Three layers of tissue in the heart wall
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
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- outermost layer of the heart itself
- innermost layer of the pericardium (visceral layer)
epicardium
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- the muscular tissue of the heart
- make up the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall
myocardium
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- the innermost layer of the heart
- lines the inner surfaces of the heart chambers, including the heart valves
- has direct contact with the blood
endocardium
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Three key layers of blood vessels
1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica externa
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carry blood away from the heart
arteries
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Two types of arteries
1. Elastic arteries
2. Muscular arteries
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- largest arteries closest to heart
- thick layers of elastic fibers
Elastic arteries
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Example of elastic arteries
- aorta
- pulmonary arteries
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increase or decrease of diameter
Muscular arteries
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Examples of muscular arteries
- femoral arteries
- radial arteries
- brachial arteries
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lines the interior of blood vessels
basement membrane
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carry blood to the heart
veins
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- transfer system between arteries and veins
- material exchange with tissues
capillaries
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pressure in arteries
high
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pressure in veins
low
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pressure in capillaries
low
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a hollow passageway or cavity through which blood flows
lumen
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lumen diameter of arteries
narrow
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lumen diameter of veins
wide
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lumen diameter of capillaries
extremely narrow (one cell wide)
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wall thickness of arteries
thick
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wall thickness of veins
thin
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wall thickness of capillaries
extremely thin (single cell thick)
64
wall layers of arteries
Three
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wall layers of veins
Three
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wall layers of capillaries
One (Tunica intima)
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muscle and elastic fibers of arteries
large amounts
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muscle and elastic fibers of veins
small amounts
69
muscle and elastic fibers of capillaries
none
70
valves in arteries
none
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valves in veins
present
72
valves in capillaries
none
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- outer layer of the blood vessel wall
- contains nerves and tiny vessels
tunica externa
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- middle portion of the vessel wall
- thickest part of the wall
- contains smooth muscle cells and connective tissue
- helps vessels expand and contract
tunica media
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- inner layer of blood vessels that surrounds the blood
- regulates blood pressure
- prevents blood clots
- keep toxins out of your blood
tunica intima
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small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins
vasa vasorum
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bulge in a weak or damaged portion of an artery
aneurysm
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main blood vessel supplying blood to your lower body
femoral artery
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- one branch of the brachial artery
- major blood vessel in the upper arm
radial artery
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- major vessel supplying blood to upper arm, elbow, forearm and hand
- runs along the front part of biceps and ends at the cubital fossa (indentation between upper and lower arm, front of elbow)
brachial artery
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brachial artery divides into its terminal branches:
- radial artery
- ulnar artery
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Four main components of blood
- plasma
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
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Two main classes of leukocytes
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes includes
- eosinophil
- basophil
- neutrophil
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Agranulocytes includes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
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Two main types of lymphocytes
- B-cells
- T-cells
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lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow
b-cells
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lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
t-cells
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b in b-cells
bursa
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t in t-cells
thymus
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Why are b-cells named b-cells
Name comes from the name of the place they were discovered, the "Bursa of Fabricius"
92
Different types of heart in animals
1. Two-chambered heart
2. Three-chambered heart
3. Four-chambered heart
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Example of animal with a two-chambered heart
fish
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Example of animal with a three-chambered heart
- reptile
- amphibian
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Example of animal with a four-chambered heart
mammals
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two-chambered heart
one atrium
one ventricle
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three-chambered heart
two atria
one ventricle
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four-chambered heart
two atria
two ventricles
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circulation in a two-chambered heart
single
100
circulation in a three-chambered heart
double
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circulation in a four-chambered heart
double
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other term for atrium
auricle
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(fish) collects venous blood and delivers it to the atrium
sinus venosus
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(fish) receives oxygen-depleted blood and pumps it into the ventricle
atrium
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(fish) the largest and most muscular chamber of the heart. When filled with blood, it constricts, forcing the blood through the bulbus arteriosus
ventricle
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(fish) expands with each ventricular contraction as it fills with blood and maintains aortal pressure during ventricular diastole
bulbus arteriosus
107
Hearts of squids
- two gill hearts
- one systemic heart
108
(squid) force blood under pressure to the gills
two gill hearts
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(squid) force blood under pressure to the rest of the body
systemic heart
110
wall of tissue separating the heart's right and left sides
septum
111
carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart
vena cava
112
Two parts of vena cava
- Superior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava
113
carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest to the heart
Superior vena cava
114
carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis to the heart
Inferior vena cava
115
receives blood low in oxygen
right atrium
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(amphibian) pumps blood out of the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body
ventricle
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(amphibians)
- muscular and contains a spiral valve
- has an important role in directing blood into the correct arterial arches
conus arteriosus
118
receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs
left atrium
119
an expanded area located between the vena cava and the right atrium, serves as the pacemaker in amphibians like the frog
sinus venosus
120
transport deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
pulmonary arteries
121
carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart
pulmonary veins
122
prevent the backward flow of blood
valves
123
Valves in the left side of a four-chambered heart
1. Mitral valve
2. Aortic valve
124
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Mitral valve
125
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic valve
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- heart's main pumping chamber
- pumps oxygen-rich blood up into your body's main artery (aorta) to the rest of the body
left ventricle
127
- main vessel through which oxygen-rich blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body
aorta
128
- pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs
right ventricle
129
Valves in the right side of a four-chambered heart
1. Tricuspid valve
2. Pulmonary valve
130
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
131
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary valve
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causes both atria to contract simultaneously 70-80 impulses per minute
Sinoatrial node
133
Sinoatrial node
pacemaker
134
- introduces a delay between atrial and ventricular excitation, allowing for efficient ventricular filling
- passes the impulse to the walls of the ventricles, which contract simultaneously
Atrioventricular node
135
the system of transportation that shunts de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be re-saturated with oxygen before being dispersed into the systemic circulation
pulmonary circuit
136
- carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body
- from the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart
systemic circuit
137
hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure
net movement out of capillary
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osmotic pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure
net movement into capillary
139
collects, cleans and returns back the fluid into the blood
Lymphatic system
140
- assists in cleansing body fluids
- defense
Immune system
141
- immunity from serum antibodies produced by plasma cells
- b-cells
Humoral immunity
142
Example conditions of humoral immune response
- anaphylaxis
- eczema
143
- does not rely on antibodies to perform adaptive immunological activities.
- Mature T cells, macrophages, and the production of cytokines in response to an antigen are the main drivers
Cell-mediated immunity
144
Example conditions of cell-mediated response
- toenail fungus
- contact dermatitis
145
- protect the body from a specific invader
- are developed by cells called B lymphocytes after the body has been exposed to the invader
antibodies
146
- any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
- immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off
- may be a substance from the environment, such as chemicals, bacteria, viruses, or pollen
antigen
147
NIH
National Institutes of Health
148
A type of immune cell that stimulates killer T cells, macrophages, and B cells to make immune responses
helper T cell
149
- other name for helper T cells
- MHC-II restricted and pre-programmed for helper functions
CD4 T cells
150
MHC I-restricted and pre-programmed for cytotoxic functions
CD8 T cells
151
Two basic components of viruses
1. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
2. Protein coat
152
protein coat of viruses
capsid
153
A complete virus particle is called a ___
virion
154
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
155
a virus that attacks the body's immune system
HIV
156
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
157
group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
158
the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane
lysis
159
Epidermal cells of sponges
Pinacocytes
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Difference between lymphocytes and monocytes in terms of fighting against pathogens
Monocytes
- destroy pathogens through phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
- produce antibodies against pathogens
