Protection, Support, and Movement Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
Protection: _
A
Integument
2
Q
Support: _
A
Skeleton
3
Q
Movement: _
A
Muscles
4
Q
Integument is from the Latin word _
A
Integumentum (to cover)
5
Q
- largest organ system
- protects the body from damage
A
Integument
6
Q
What comprises the integument?
A
Skin and its appendages
7
Q
The appendages of skin
A
- hair
- scales
- feathers
- nails
8
Q
Integument is an attachment site for sensory receptors to detect
A
- pain
- sensation
- pressure
- temperature
9
Q
Variety of functions of the integument
A
- to waterproof
- cushion
- protect deeper tissues
- excrete wastes
- regulate temperature
10
Q
Invertebrate integument
A
Epidermis + - cuticle
11
Q
Integument of Molluscs
A
soft, delicate, mucus-secreting glands
12
Q
Shell of Molluscs
A
calcium carbonate
13
Q
multilayer nano-reflectors with alternating high and low refractive indices, generating interference of light waves
A
Iridocytes
14
Q
Animals with Iridocytes
A
- octopus
- squid
15
Q
Integument of Arthropods
A
most complex (protection and support)
16
Q
Epidermis and cuticle of Arthropods
A
- single-layered epidermis
- double-layered cuticle
17
Q
Two layers of cuticle
A
- Epicuticle
- Procuticle
18
Q
Outer, thin, nonchitinous
A
Epicuticle
19
Q
Inner, thick, chitinous
A
Procuticle
20
Q
Arthropods undergo molting leaving an __
A
exuviae
21
Q
Cuticle of Arthropods can be hardened by
A
- Calcification
- Sclerotization
22
Q
Calcification happens in what animals
A
crustaceans
23
Q
Sclerotization happens in what animals
A
insects
24
Q
Deposition of calcium carbonate in the outer layer of procuticle
A
calcification
25
What is being deposited in calcification
calcium carbonate
26
Where is the calcium carbonate deposited during calcification
Procuticle
27
Cross linking of procuticle proteins forming a highly resistant and insoluble protein, sclerotin
sclerotization
28
What is formed in sclerotization
sclerotin
29
What is cross-linked in sclerotization
Procuticle proteins
30
Epidermis of crustaceans
hypodermis
31
- A bristle or hair in many invertebrates.
- are produced by the epidermis and consist either of a hollow projection of cuticle containing all or part of an epidermal cell (as in insects) or are composed of chitin (as in the chaetae of annelid worms)
seta
32
Function of seta on larger animals
sensation
33
Function of seta on smaller animals
locomotion
34
- some produce cuticle
- some are cement glands
- some are sort of salivary glands
tegumental glands
35
used to produce the cementing fluid that allow animals to attach to substrate, or for brooding
cement glands
36
Basic plan of vertebrate integument
- Epidermis
- Dermis
37
thin, outer, stratified epithelial layer derived from ectoderm
Epidermis
38
Where is epidermis derived from
ectoderm
39
Inner, thicker layer, derived from mesoderm
dermis
40
Where is dermis derived from
mesoderm
41
the technical term for our skin
Cutaneous membrane
42
active secretion of mucus
Mucous membrane
43
moisturize the skin
Sebaceous gland
44
Two layers of dermis in frogs
1. Spongy dermis
2. Compact dermis
45
houses glands
spongy dermis
46
houses blood vessels
compact dermis
47
visible hair on the skin
shaft
48
smooth muscle that causes hair to stand
Arrector Pili Muscle
49
subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
50
- deepest layer of tissue in the skin
- consists mostly of fat to keep the body warm
subcutaneous layer
51
Functions of skin
- Protects from injuries
- Acts as barrier and regulates what enters/leaves body.
- Regulates body temperature
- Synthesizes, stores vitamins
- Sensory functions
52
what vitamin does the skin store
vitamin D
53
how are vitamin D activated
by the sun
54
Vitamin D function
- absorption of calcium
- bone development
- linked to immune system
55
- upper layer of the skin
- thin
- avascular
- stratified squamous
Epidermis
56
Avascular
no blood vessels
57
Sublayers of the Epidermis
Stratum:
1. Germinativum
2. Spinosum
3. Granulosum
4. Lucidum
5. Corneum
58
- basal layer
- dividing cells
- good nutrient supply
- regeneration of skin
Stratum Germinativum
59
- living cells
- dividing
- 8-10 cells thick
- polygonal in appearance
Stratum Spinosum
60
How many cell layer thick is stratum spinosum
8-10 cells thick
61
Stratum Spinosum appearance
polygonal
62
- poor nutrient supply
- flatten layers of cells
- 3-5 cells thick
- no cell division
- keratinization
Stratum Granulosum
63
What layer does keratinization start?
Stratum Granulosum
64
How thick is Stratum Granulosum
3-5 cells thick
65
What are the germinal layers of the epidermis
1. Stratum germinativum
2. Stratum Spinosum
66
Other term for Stratum germinativum
Stratum Basale
67
cytosol are being replaced with keratin
keratinization
68
- found only in very thick skin
- translucent
- highly keratinized
- dead cells
Stratum Lucidum
69
- 25-30 cells thick
- cornified cells
- sloughed off
- outermost layer
Stratum Corneum
70
- connective tissue
- lots of collagenous fibers
- true skin
Dermis
71
Layers of the Dermis
1. Papillary
2. Reticular
72
- a thin superficial layer of areolar tissue
- heavily vascularized
Papillary
73
- about 80% of the dermis
- a typical dense irregular connective tissue
- contains bundles of interlacing collagen fibers that run parallel to the skin surface
Reticular
74
- consists of connective tissues (areolar and adipose)
- anchors skin to the underlying muscles
hypodermis (subcutaneous)
75
(derivatives) Skin Appendages
1. Dermal derivatives
2. Epidermal derivatives
76
Dermal derivatives
1. Dermal Armor
2. Chromatophores
77
Types of dermal armor
1. dermal bone
2. placoid scale
3. ganoid, leptoid, ctenoid scale
4. osteoderms
78
animals with dermal bone
ostracoderms
79
animals with ganoid, leptoid, ctenoid scale
bony fishes
79
animals with placoid scale
chondrichthyes
80
animals with osteoderms
- crocodile
- armadillo
81
- pigments
- derived from the embryonic nervous system
Chromatophores
82
Types of chromatophores
1. melanophores
2. lipophores and xanthophores
3. erythrophores
4. guanophores
5. iridocytes
83
brown to black pigments
melanophores
84
yellow pigments
lipophores and xanthophores
85
red pigments
erythrophores
86
white pigments
guanophores
87
contain guanin crystals
iridocytes
88
What are the Epidermal Derivatives?
1. Epidermal seal
2. Epidermal scales
3. Claws and nails
4. Hooves
5. Horns
6. Antlers
7. Hair
8. Feathers
9. Baleen
10. Glands
89
Types of epidermal seal
1. cuticle
2. mucoid coat
3. keratin
90
nonliving layer in protochordates, lung fishes, and larval amphibians
cuticle
91
mucous - fish, amphibians
mucoid coat
92
in all, but more pronounced in terrestrial vertebrates
keratin
93
form keratin that is first prevalent in reptiles and is being shed
Squamous cytoplasmic granules
94
the process of shedding the old skin (in reptiles) or casting off the outer cuticle (in insects and other arthropods)
ecdysis
95
difference between claws and nails
claws (weapon)
nails (protection on the tips)
96
___ are shed and regrown yearly while ___ are never shed and continue to grow throughout an animal's life
Antlers
horns
97
Types of glands
1. Ancestral Serous Glands
2. Poison Glands
3. Wax Glands
4. Tubular Glands
5. Sweat and mammary glands
6. Modern serous glands
7. Scent glands
98
precursor of glands
ancestral serous glands
99
glands in amphibians and frogs
poison glands
100
- glands in birds, mammals
- waterproofing
wax glands
101
glands with a tube-like shape throughout their length
tubular glands
102
- cannot be shed
- has rings
dermal scale
103
can be shed
epidermal scale
104
modified sweat glands
mammary glands
105
no part of the cell is lost with secretion
merocrine
106
the top of the cell is lost with the secretion
apocrine
107
the whole cell detaches with the secretion
holocrine
108
watery sweat
- eccrine
- apocrine
109
Types of scent glands
1. mucous glands
2. sebaceous gland
3. uropygial gland
110
oil (scent glands of mammals)
sebaceous gland
111
oil gland on tail of birds
uropygial gland
112
Sensory Structures
1. Deep touch/pressure
2. Light touch/pressure
3. Warm temperature
4. Cold temperature
5. Pain
113
Deep touch/pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
114
Light touch/pressure
Meissner's corpuscles
115
Warm temperature
free nerve endings
116
Cold temperature
free nerve endings
117
Pain
free nerve endings
118
Different types of Support
1. hydrostatic
2. exoskeleton
3. endoskeleton
119
- use a cavity filled with water; the water is incompressible, so the organism can use it to apply force or change shape.
- Plants use osmotic pressure to pressurize the cavity, whereas animals do it with muscle layers in the hydrostat's walls.
hydrostatic
120
Movement of hydrostatic
alternating contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles
121
where are the muscles anchored in hydrostatic support
body fluid
122
rigid or articulated envelope that supports and protects the soft tissues of certain animals.
exoskeleton
123
internal skeleton
endoskeleton
124
made up of the bones in your head, neck, back and chest
axial skeleton
125
made up of everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
126
Adult skeleton consists of ___ bones
206 bones
127
Bones in skull
29 bones
128
Bones in spine
26 bones
129
bones in spine are called
vertebrae
130
Bones in ribs and breastbone
25 bones
131
Bones in shoulder, arms, and hands
64 bones
132
Bones in pelvis, legs, and feet
62 bones
133
Types of bones
1. long bones
2. short bones
3. flat bones
4. irregular bones
5. sesamoid bones
134
larger than they are wide
long bones
135
shape like cubes and are found primarily in the wrist and ankles
short bones
136
thin, flat and curved
flat bones
137
different shape not classified as long, short, or flat
irregular bones
138
small round bony masses embedded in certain tendons
sesamoid bones
139
made of spongy bone curved with a thin layer of compact bone
short, flat, and irregular bones
140
Anatomy of a long bone
1. diaphysis
2. epiphysis
3. epiphyseal plate or disc
4. medullary cavity
5. periosteum
6. articular cartilage
141
long shaft of the bone
diaphysis
142
enlarge ends of the bone
epiphysis
143
growth plate
epiphyseal plate or disc
144
hallow center of the diaphysis
medullary cavity
145
tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis
periosteum
146
found on the outer surface of the epiphysis
articular cartilage
147
Three different types of bone tissue
1. Compact Bone
2. Spongy (Cancellous)
3. Periosteum
148
dense layer, looks smooth and solid
compact bone
149
circles the bone with central canals
Haversian system
150
circles the bone
lamella
151
central canals
Haversian Canal
152
(bone) contains blood vessels and nerves
central canal
153
blood vessels and nerves go through lamellar bone to supply lacunae
perforating small canals
154
- mature bone cell
- resides in the space called lacuna
osteocytes
155
a cavity or depression, especially in bone
lacuna
156
- honeycombed, open spaces
- same structure as compact bone but less regular
- spongy consist of plates (trabeculae)
spongy (cancellous)
157
membrane of blood vessels and nerves
periosteum
158
bone forming cell
osteoblast
159
bone destroying cell
osteoclast
160
mature bone cell
osteocyte
161
- point of contact between two bones
joints
162
Three (3) main types of joints according to their degree of movement
1. Diarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Synarthroses
163
movable joints
diarthroses
164
partially movable joints
amphiarthroses
165
immovable joints
synarthroses
166
Function of bones
1. framework
2. protection
3. movement
4. mineral storage
5. blood cell formation
167
- an important characteristic of animal
- occurs in many form in animal tissues
animal movement
168
Three (3) Principal Kinds of Animal Movement
1. Ameboid Movement
2. Ciliary and Flagellar Movement
3. Muscular Movement
169
- a form of movement especially of amoebas and other unicellular forms
- also found in many wandering cells of metazoans
Ameboid Movement
170
Ameboid cells change their shape by sending out and withdrawing ____ from any point on the cell
pseudopodia (false feet)
171
- are minute, hair-like, motile processes that extends from the surfaces of the cells of many animals
- found in all major groups of animals
cilia
172
- whiplike structure longer than a cilium
- usually present singly or in small numbers at one end of a cell
flagellum
173
- muscles can do work by contraction
- depends mostly on actinomyosin system
Muscular Movement
174
- describes the mechanism that allows muscles to contract.
- According to this theory, myosin (a motor protein) binds to actin. The myosin then alters its configuration, resulting in a "stroke" that pulls on the actin filament and causes it to slide across the myosin filament
sliding filament theory
175
Invertebrate muscles
- striated
- smooth
- fibrillar
176
vertebrate muscles
- smooth
- striated (skeletal, cardiac)
177
toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part
proximal
178
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part
distal
179
primary growth of bones
long
180
secondary growth of bones
- appositional
- girth
181
the process of bone formation
ossification
182
stem cells in bone
osteogenic
183
(invertebrate muscles)
striated muscle stimulus contraction ratio
1 stimulus :1 contraction
184
(invertebrate muscles)
fibrillar muscle stimulus contraction ratio
1 stimulus : many contractions
185
(invertebrate muscles)
- needs energy
- allow fast movement
striated
186
(invertebrate muscles)
- slow
- does not need too much energy
smooth
187
(invertebrate muscles)
- flight
- fast
fibrillar
188
- anatomical system of a species that allows it to move
- in vertebrates, it is controlled through the nervous system, although some can be completely autonomous
muscular system
189
Muscle functions
- provide strength
- balance
- posture
- movement
- heat for the body to keep warm
190
tissue composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated muscle fibers
skeletal muscle
191
dark band
myosin
192
light band
actin
193
Two muscle proteins
1. myosin
2. actin
194
large superfamily of motor proteins that move along actin filaments, while hydrolyzing ATP
myosin
195
most abundant protein in the typical eukaryotic cell, accounting for about 15% in some cell types
actin
196
connects to the actin filament in contraction
myosin head
197
where the calcium binds in muscles
troponin complex
198
mediate the interactions between the troponin complex and actin so as to regulate muscle contraction
tropomyosin
199
- syncytium by intercalated disc
- unique variety of striated muscle tissue
- capable of contracting without neural stimulation
cardiac muscle tissue
200
Cardiac muscles tissue contain ___ and filaments of __ and __
- myofibrils
- actin
- myosin
201
- uninucleated
- fusiform
- have myofibrils
- lack cross-striations
smooth muscle tissue
202
cytoplasm in muscle cells
sarcoplasm
203
long contractile fibers, groups of which run parallel to each other on the long axis of the myocytes
myofibrils
204
the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber
sarcomere
205
border proteins
Z lines
206
bloated in the middle, tapered at the ends
fusiform
207
the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber or a cardiomyocyte
sarcolemma
208
Two types of ossification
- intramembranous
- endochondral
