Excretion Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
what is the main waste product
A
ammonia
2
Q
what is the main organ of the excretory system
A
kidneys
3
Q
how do organisms control osmotic pressure and maintain acid-base balance
A
excretion
4
Q
what does excretion promotes
A
homeostasis
5
Q
body’s attempt to maintain a constant internal environment
A
homeostasis
6
Q
process of removing wastes and excess water from the body
A
excretion
7
Q
- biological system that removes excess, unnecessary or dangerous materials from an organism
- help maintain homeostasis within the organism
- prevent damage to the body
A
excretory system
8
Q
- sub-cellular structure (organelle) involved in osmoregulation
- pumps water out of the cell
A
contractile vacuole
9
Q
main excretory organ of vertebrates
A
kidney
10
Q
basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
11
Q
ancestral vertebrate kidney, retained by larvae of hagfish and of some caecilians and occurring in the embryos of higher animals.
A
archinephros
12
Q
Three (3) developmental stages of kidney
A
- Pronephros
- Mesonephros
- Metanephros
13
Q
- first kidney to appear
- located anteriorly in the body
A
pronephros
14
Q
example of adult animals with pronephros
A
hagfish
15
Q
- more advanced than pronephros
- centrally located
- functional kidney of embryonic amniotes
A
mesonephros
16
Q
example of adult animals with mesonephros
A
- amphibians
- most fishes
17
Q
embryonic kidneys of animals with amniotic fluid
A
mesonephros
18
Q
- most advanced form
- more caudally located, larger, and more compact structure
- drained by a new duct (ureter)
A
metanephros
19
Q
organ that produces gametes
A
gonad
20
Q
a funnel-shaped opening in a kidney through which waste leaves a nephridium
A
nephrostomes
21
Q
one of a pair of tubes that carry urine from primitive or embryonic kidneys to the exterior or to a primitive bladder
A
Archinephric Duct
22
Q
predecessor of the mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)
A
pronephric duct
23
Q
- a highly convoluted duct behind the testis
- derived from mesonephric tubules
A
epididymis
24
Q
where is the epididymis derived from
A
mesonephric tubules
25
tiny network of blood vessels that are the “cleaning units” of your kidney
Glomeruli
26
- an embryonal paired structure in mammals that differentiates into the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles in males.
mesonephric duct
27
permanent kidney in reptiles, birds, and mammals, developing by the 10th week in human embryos from the lower part of the Wolffian duct, and replacing the embryonic structure called the mesonephros
metanephros
28
Where is the word nephron from
Greek word nephros
29
meaning of nephros
kidney
30
- regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts
- filter blood
- reabsorb what is needed
- excrete waste as urine
nephrons
31
Three functions of nephrons
1. glomerular filtration of water and solutes from the blood
2. tubular reabsorption of water and conserved molecules back to the blood
3. tubular secretion of ions and other waste products from surrounding capillaries into distal tubule
32
Components of Nephrons
1. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
3. Loop of Henle
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct
33
- capillary tuft that receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation
- fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
34
- surrounds the glomerulus
- composed of visceral (simple squamous epithelial cells; inner) and parietal (simple squamous epithelial cells; outer) layers
- visceral layer only allows fluid and small molecules like glucose and ions like sodium to pass through into the nephron
Bowman’s capsule
35
first site of water reabsorption into the bloodstream, and the site where the majority of water and salt reabsorption takes place
proximal tubule
36
- long U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney of reptiles, birds, and mammals
- function is in recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine
Loop of Henle
37
- final site of reabsorption in the nephron
- Unlike the other components, its permeability to water is variable depending on a hormone stimulus to enable the complex regulation of blood osmolarity, volume, pressure, and pH
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
38
Excretory organs of invertebrates
1. Nephridium
2. Antennal glands
3. Malpighian tubules
39
- an invertebrate organ which occurs in pairs and function similar to kidney
- remove metabolic wastes from an animal's body
nephridium
40
Two (2) basic types of nephridium
1. Protonephridium
2. Metanephridium
41
- simplest form of nephridium
- also called the flame cell system
- primitive invertebrates lacking a circulatory system
- excretes nitrogenous wastes (mainly ammonia)
- closed system
Protonephridium
42
what is the main nitrogenous waste that protonephridium excrete
ammonia
43
type of system of protonephridium
closed
44
Protonephridium:
Where does the fluid enter the tubules
flame cells
45
Animal with protonephridia
Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
46
Where the fluid in the body cavity filters into if it possesses cilia
flame cell
47
- propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface
- also draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration
cilia
48
The ciliated tubules filter fluid from the body cavity and carry waste, including excess ions, through openings called ___
nephrostomes
49
- more advanced type of nephridium
- occurs in an organism that have both well-developed blood vascular system and a fluid filled coelom
- excretes urine
metanephridium
50
what does metanephridium excrete
urine
51
Metanephridium - __ or the __ nephridium
open or the true nephridium
52
Metanephridium:
inner end of tubules
nephrostome
53
Metanephridium:
outer end of tubules
nephridiopore
54
Nephrostome and nephridiopore are __
open
55
examples of animals with metanephridia
- annelids
- mollusks
- arthropods
56
surrounds the metanephridium
capillaries
57
Difference between protonephridium and metanephridium:
opening
Protonephridium
- inner end is closed
Metanephridium
- both ends are open
58
Difference between protonephridium and metanephridium:
blood vessels and coelom
Protonephridium
- absent
Metanephridium
- present
59
Difference between protonephridium and metanephridium:
waste it excretes
Protonephridium
- ammonia
Metanephridium
- urine
60
- advanced design of the basic nephridial organ
- filtration organ of crustaceans
antennal glands
61
animals with antennal glands
crustaceans
62
contains ion regulatory cells similar to those in the proximal tubule of the mammalian kidney
labyrinth
63
- part of the unique excretory system of the spiders and insects
- thin, elastic, blind tubule that is closed and lacks an arterial supply
- connected to the hindgut and midgut
Malpighian tubules
64
animals with malpighian tubules
insects
65
Different excretory organs
1. Individual cells
2. flame cells
3. nephridia
4. malpighian tubules
5. kidneys
66
The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
ureter
67
The organ that stores urine
urinary bladder
68
- The tube through which urine leaves the body
- empties urine from the bladder.
urethra
69
large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys
renal arteries
70
The main blood vessel that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava
renal vein
71
- filters blood
- the outer layer of the kidney
renal cortex
72
- regulates water and salts in the blood
- the inner part of the kidney
renal medulla
73
small structures that contain strings of nephrons and tubules
renal pyramids
74
closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside
renal capsule
75
vertical slit on the medial border of the kidney, which is bound by the thick lips of the renal substance
renal hilum
