Reproduction Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
process of producing offspring that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism
A
reproduction
2
Q
Two (2) modes of reproduction
A
- Asexual reproduction
- Sexual reproduction
3
Q
- a single parent produces offspring
- all offspring are genetic replicas of the parent and identical to one another
A
asexual reproduction
4
Q
Types of Asexual Reproduction
A
- Binary fission
- Budding
- Fragmentation
- Regeneration
- Parthenogenesis
5
Q
- occurs in single-celled organisms
- parent cell divides itself into two
A
binary fission
6
Q
offspring grows out of the body of the parent
A
budding
7
Q
offspring grows from a broken piece of body of an organism
A
fragmentation
8
Q
- modified form of fragmentation
- when a body part of an organism detaches from the parent body, it grows into a completely new individual
A
regeneration
9
Q
egg develops without fertilization
A
parthenogenesis
10
Q
example of organisms that undergo binary fission
A
bacteria
11
Q
example of organisms that undergo budding
A
hydra
12
Q
example of organisms that undergo fragmentation
A
coral
13
Q
example of organisms that undergo regeneration
A
planarian
14
Q
example of organisms that undergo parthenogenesis
A
- bees
- wasps
- ants
- aphids
15
Q
- two parent produce haploid gametes (egg and sperm) that combine at fertilization
- each resulting offspring has a unique combination of paternal and maternal genes
A
sexual reproduction
16
Q
produce both eggs and sperm
A
hermaphrodites
17
Q
the same organism has both the male and female sex organs and produces both types of gametes
A
Simultaneous hermaphrodite
18
Q
an organism switches from its inborn sex to the opposite sex
A
Sequential hermaphroditism
19
Q
example of simultaneous hermaphrodite
A
- tapeworms
- some roundworms
20
Q
example of sequential hermaphrodite
A
- teleost fishes
- oyster
21
Q
Mechanisms of Fertilization
A
- Internal Fertilization
- External Fertilization
22
Q
the fusion of gametes happen inside the female body
A
internal fertilization
23
Q
Ways offspring are produced by internal fertilization
A
- Oviparity
- Viviparity
- Ovoviviparity
24
Q
the female has fertilized eggs laid outside its body
A
oviparity
25
the offspring develops within the female and is nourished by the mother's blood in the placenta
viviparity
26
fertilized eggs nourish the young from its yolk; lay the eggs when they are ready to hatch
ovoviviparity
27
example of animals that are oviparous
- frogs
- lizards
- birds
- fishes
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example of animals that are viviparous
mammals
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example of animals that are ovoviviparous
- flies
- sharks
- rays
30
the fusion of gametes happen outside the female body
external fertilization
31
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction
1. no need for mate
2. less time and energy
3. reliable
4. produces large number of offspring very quickly
5. require less parental care
32
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
1. very little genetic variation in population
2. harmful mutation in parent will be passed on to all offspring
3. entire population of genetically-identical organisms can go extinct if there is change in environment
33
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
1. each offspring is unique
2. more genetic variation
3. population able to adapt changes in environment
4. increased diversity
34
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
1. time and energy to find mate
2. fewer offspring
3. more time to develop offspring
4. tends to require more parental care
35
Factors that affects the success of reproduction
1. Predation
2. Environment
3. Human Interaction
36
Male Reproductive Anatomy
1. Produces sperm cells
2. Regulated by hormones
3. Varies from species to species
37
The bag of skin that holds and helps to protect the testicles.
Scrotum
38
- One of two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones
- Also called testicle
testis
39
- A narrow, tightly-coiled tube that is attached to each of the testicles
- sperm cells move from the testicles into it, where they finish maturing and are stored.
epididymis
40
A coiled tube that carries the sperm out of the testes
vas deferens
41
the site of spermatogenesis where germ cells develop into spermatozoa in close interaction with Sertoli cells
seminiferous tubules
42
cells closest to the surface are ___
immature
43
cells closest to the lumen are ___ ___
candidate sperms
44
Sperm head
- contain DNA
- tip of the sperm head = acrosome
- midpiece contains the mitochondria which supplies energy tail needs to move
45
contains enzymes that break down the outer membrane of an egg cell, allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg
acrosome
46
- production of mature spermatozoa from spermatids
- a spermatozoon is produced from a spermatid
Spermiogenesis
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- formation of motile spermatozoa from spermatogonium
- four functional spermatozoa are produced from a spermatogonium
Spermatogenesis
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sperm + other materials = ___
semen
49
paired ductal structures which secrete fluid that will form part of the semen
seminal vesicles
50
mix the sperm stored in the ampulla with fluids secreted by the seminal vesicles and to transport these substances to the prostate
ejaculatory duct
51
produce the fluid that nourishes and transports sperm (seminal fluid)
prostate gland
52
- Fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm
- contains sugar as an energy source for sperm
Seminal fluid
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produce thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation that drains into the spongy urethra
Cowper's gland
54
Cowper's glands are also known as ___ ___
bulbourethral glands
55
What does the Cowper's gland secrete
alkaline mucus-like fluid
56
attached to the pubic symphysis, which holds the penis close to the pubic bone and supports it when erect
suspensory ligament
57
hold and stabilize the prostate against the pubic bone
Puboprostatic ligaments
58
traversed by the urethra (membranous portion) and the ducts of the bulbourethral glands, along with several accompanying vessels and nerves
perineal membrane
59
located at the same level as the membranous urethra and is composed of circular muscle fibers
external urethral sphincter
60
the male sexual organ
penis
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forms most of the penis and contains blood vessels that fill with blood to help make an erection
corpus cavernosum
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- refers to the head of the penis
- supplied with nerve endings and is partly or wholly sheathed
glans penis
63
outer layer of skin that covers the head of the penis
foreskin
64
Opening where urine and sperm (in males) leaves the body
urethral opening
65
Female Reproductive Anatomy
1. produces egg cells (oogenesis)
2. ovarian and uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)
3. regulated by hormones
66
growth process in which the primary egg cell (or ovum) becomes a mature ovum
oogenesis
67
medical term used when there are no sperm in the ejaculate
Azoospermia
68
thick, white, cheesy substance that collects under the foreskin of the penis
Smegma
69
medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension
Sildenafil
70
One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made
ovary
71
female reproductive hormones
- estrogen
- progesterone
72
group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women
Estrogens
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- hormone that occurs naturally in the body
- involved in pregnancy and is produced mainly in the ovaries
Progesterone
74
either of a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus
Uterine/ Fallopian Tube
75
hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum
uterus
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The layer of tissue that lines the uterus
endometrium
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- passes through the cervix
- allows blood from a menstrual period and a baby (fetus) to pass from the womb into the vagina
cervical canal
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occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus
ectopic pregnancy
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The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina
cervix
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elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that provides lubrication and sensation
vagina
81
Ovary of chickens
- stalk of ovary
- empty follicle
82
- funnel-shaped and lies adjacent to the ovary
- has the function of searching for and engulfing the yolk that has just been released from the follicle into the adjacent ovarian pocket or body cavity
- 9 cm
Infundibulum
83
- longest segment at up to 40 centimetres long
- function is to add approximately 40% of the albumen to the developing egg that takes about three hours to move through
magnum
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where the inner and outer shell membranes form
isthmus
85
serve as the mating organs of chicken
papillae (plural of papilla)
86
where feces and eggs exit her body and sperm enter
cloaca
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the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris
prepuce
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- sensitive area located on the top of your vulva
- touching the area can make you feel sexually aroused and lead to climax, or an orgasm
clitoris
89
(outer lips) are usually fleshy and covered with pubic hair
labia majora
90
The external opening of the transport tube that leads from the bladder to discharge urine outside the body in a female
urethral orifice
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(inner lips) two inner skin folds that surround the opening of the vagina
labia minora
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opening to the vagina itself
vaginal orifice
93
begins at the front of the vulva and extends to the anus
perineal raphe
94
hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain the pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
95
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the ___ during pregnancy
placenta
