Nutrient Procurement Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
refers to any substance required for the growth and maintenance of an organism
A
nutrition
2
Q
produce their own food
A
autotrophs
3
Q
sunlight or chlorophyll-bearing
A
phototrophs
4
Q
chemical or inorganic chemical reaction
A
chemotrophs
5
Q
cannot produce their own food
A
heterotrophs
6
Q
food are reduced to more simple molecular forms
A
digestion
7
Q
Feeding Mechanism: Feeding in Particulate Matter
A
- Suspension feeding
- Filter feeding
- Deposit feeding
- Fluid feeding
- Bulk feeding
8
Q
ciliates surface to produce currents that draw drifting food particles in their mouth
A
suspension feeding
9
Q
possess filtering devices that strain food from water as it passes through
A
Filter feeding
10
Q
part or an organ which resembles the barb of a feather, particularly the side branches on the stalks of crinoids
A
pinnules
11
Q
exploits deposit of disintegrated organic material that accumulates on and in substratum
A
deposit feeding
12
Q
process of obtaining nutrient by consuming fluids of other living organisms
A
fluid feeding
13
Q
obtaining nutrients by eating all of the organism
A
bulk feeding
14
Q
What do some invertebrates that doesn’t have teeth use to bite or hold
A
- beaks
- toothlike structures
15
Q
4 types of teeth of Mammals
A
- incisors
- canines
- premolars
- molars
16
Q
biting, cutting, stripping
A
incisors
17
Q
seizing, piercing, tearing
A
canines
18
Q
grinding and crushing
A
premolars and molars
19
Q
Modified tooth
A
- elephant’s tusk
- modified canines
20
Q
scrapping mouth part that looks like a tongue
A
radula
21
Q
(insects) for grinding and cutting
A
mandibles
22
Q
(horses and cows) for grinding
A
corrugated molars
23
Q
Two types of parasites
A
- Endoparasites
- Ectoparasites
24
Q
mechanically and chemically break food into small units for absorption
A
digestion
25
breakdown of food happens inside the cell
intracellular digestion
26
breakdown of food happens outside of the cell
extracellular digestion
27
Cells lining the __ or an ___ ___ specialize in forming various digestive secretions
lumen (cavity)
alimentary canal
28
Reduction of food to absorbable units relies on chemical breakdown by ___
enzymes
29
digestive enzymes are ___ or ___
- hydrolytic
- hydrolases
30
breaking of a chemical bond by adding water across it
hydrolysis
31
Food is moved through digestive tracts by ___ or ___
- cilia
- musculature
32
Movement is usually by ___ in acoelomate and pseudocoelomate that lack the mesodermally derived gut musculature of true coelomates
cilia
33
smooth muscle fibers run parallel with the length of the gut
longitudinal layer
34
muscle fibers embrace the circumference of the gut
circular layer
35
alternate constriction of rings of smooth muscle of the intestine that divides and squeeze contents back and forth
segmentation
36
shows how food is propelled forward by a traveling wave of contraction behind the food mass (bolus)
peristalsis
37
food mass from the mouth
bolus
38
Five major regions of the alimentary canal
1. Receiving Region
2. Conduction and storage region
3. Grinding and early digestion
4. Terminal digestion and absorption
5. Water absorption and concentration of solids
39
Receiving region
1. Mouthparts
2. Buccal cavity
3. Muscular pharynx
4. Salivary glands
40
Mouthparts
- mandible
- jaws
- teeth
- radula
- bills
41
mouth
buccal cavity
42
throat
muscular pharynx
43
salivary glands
buccal glands
44
produce lubricating secretion that contains mucus
salivary glands
45
carbohydrate-splitting enzymes that begins hydrolysis of plants and animal starches
salivary amylase
46
Salivary amylase doesn't completely hydrolyze starch but breaks it mostly into ___
maltose (glucose+glucose)
47
- assist food manipulation and swallowing
- used as chemosensors
tongue
48
- determine palatability of food
- food capture
- olfactory sensor
tastebuds
49
tips down over the trachea as food slides into the pharynx
epiglottis
50
prevents food particles from going further
contraction of laryngeal muscles
51
Once food is in the esophagus, ___ ___ of ___ ___ forces it smoothly toward the stomach
peristaltic contraction
esophageal muscles
52
chewing
mastication
53
swallowing
deglutition
54
happens when a mixture of gastric juices, and sometimes undigested food, rises back up the esophagus and into the mouth
regurgitation
55
transport food to the digestive region
esophagus
56
esophagus expanded into ___, used for food storage before digestion
crop
57
Reception
- mouthparts
- salivary glands
58
Conduction
esophagus
59
storage and early digestion
- stomach (vertebrates)
- crop (insects, birds)
60
Grinding
- gizzard (birds)
- proventriculus (insects)
61
Terminal Digestion and Absorption
- small intestine (vertebrates)
- midgut (insects)
62
Water Absorption, Concentration of Solids
- large intestine (vertebrates)
- hindgut (insects)
63
- provides initial digestion
- storage and mixing food with digestive juices
stomach
64
assisted by stones and grit swallowing along with food by hardened linings
muscular gizzards
65
- Blind tubules or pouches arising from the main passage supplements stomachs of invertebrates.
- Lined with epithelium and cells specialized for secretion of mucus or digestive enzymes, or absorption/ storage.
digestive diverticula
66
digests cellulose
cellulase
67
what microorganisms can produce cellulase
- bacteria
- protozoa
68
opens reflexively to allow food to enter, then closes to prevent regurgitation back into the esophagus
cardiac sphincter
69
In humans, ___ ___ pass over the filled stomach at a rate of approx. __ each minute
- peristaltic wave
- 3 each minute
70
vigorous mixing
churning
71
- first region of the small intestine
- where food is steadily released
duodenum
72
regulates flow of food into the intestine and prevents regurgitation into the stomach
pyloric sphincter
73
what do deep tubular glands in the stomach secrete?
gastric juice
74
Three (3) types of cells that line the tubular glands in the stomach
1. goblet cells
2. chief cells
3. parietal or oxyntic cells
75
secrete mucus
goblet cells
76
secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
77
secrete hydrochloric acid
parietal or oxyntic cells
78
precursor of pepsin
pepsinogen
79
a ___ produced from pepsinogen only in an acid medium
protease
80
protease
protein-splitting enzyme
81
main protease in the stomach
pepsin
82
not digested by its own powerful acid secretions results from another gastric secretion
stomach mucosa
83
highly viscous organic compound
mucin
84
bacteria that secretes toxins causing inflammation of the stomach's lining
Helicobacter pylori
85
milk curdling
rennin (found in cows)
86
what activates the pepsinogen
hydrochloric acid
87
partly digested food returned from the first stomach of ruminants to the mouth for further chewing
cud
88
an animal (such as a cow or sheep) that has more than one stomach and that swallows food and then brings it back up again to continue chewing it.
ruminant
89
- 1st chamber
- acts as a storage or holding vat for feed
- fermentation vat
- grows microbes that digest or ferment feed and make volatile fatty acids
rumen
90
- 2nd chamber
- pouch-like structure
- heavy or dense feed and metal objects eaten drop into this compartment
reticulum
91
- globe-shaped structure
- absorbs water and other substances from digestive contents
omasum
92
- only compartment lined with glands
- release hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, needed to breakdown feed
- similar to nonruminant stomach
abomasum
93
food mass from stomach
chyme
94
pathway for conducting wastes from the body
intestine
95
equipped with simple stomachs
invertebrates intestine
96
equipped for digestion and absorption
vertebrates intestine
97
length of intestine may exceed eight times the length of their body
coiling
98
Two secretions poured in the duodenum
1. Pancreatic juice
2. Bile
99
- neutralizes gastric acid
- raise pH of chyme
- intestinal enzymes are effective only in a neutral or slightly alkaline medium
pancreatic juice
100
liver secretes bile into the __ __
bile duct
101
- a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
- breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract
bile
102
an expansible storage sac that releases bile when stimulated by the presence of fatty food in the duodenum
gallbladder
103
reduce surface tension of fat globules, allowing the churning action of the intestine to break fats into tiny droplets
bile salts
104
bile salts are mainly
- sodium taurocholate
- sodium glycocholate
105
churning action of the intestine to break fats into tiny droplets
emulsification
106
breakdown products of hemoglobin from aged red blood cells
biliverdin and bilirubin
107
pancreatic secretion of vertebrates
pancreatic juice
108
enzymes in the pancreatic juice
- trypsin
- chymotrypsin
109
removes amino acids from carboxyl ends of polypeptides
carboxypeptidase
110
hydrolyzes fats into fatty acids and glycerol
pancreatic lipase
111
starch-splitting enzyme identical to salivary amylase in its action
pancreatic amylase
112
degrade RNA and DNA to nucleotides
nuclease
113
middle part of the small intestine
jejunum
114
last part of the small intestine
ileum
115
large intestine
colon
116
A pouch that forms the first part of the large intestine.
cecum
117
start of the colon
ascending colon
118
lies across the upper part of the abdomen
transverse colon
119
follows the transverse colon and splenic flexure. It is on the left side of the abdomen
descending colon
120
last part of the colon and connects to the rectum
sigmoid colon
121
where nutrients is absorbed
small intestine
122
provide enormous surface area in the small intestine
- finger-shaped villi
- microvilli
123
Carbohydrates are absorbed as ___ ___ because the intestine is virtually impermeable to polysaccharides
simple sugars
124
Proteins absorbed as their ___ ___ subunits, although limited amount may be absorbed
amino acid
125
Passive transfer is supplemented by an ___ ___ ___ located in epithelial cells that transfers digested food molecules into the blood
active transport mechanism
126
where reabsorption of water happens
large intestine
127
removal of wastes from the body
defecation
128
specialized ___ ___ absorb water and ions as needed, leaving behind fecal pellets that are almost completely dry
rectal glands
129
___ ___ located in the hypothalamus and brainstem of the brain regulate the intake of food
hunger centers
130
nutrients from blood to the receiving cells
assimilation
131
nutrients from lumen to bloodstream
absorption
132
In brown fat, ___ is generated instead of ___
heat
ATP
133
hormone produced by fat cells was found to cure obesity in mutant mice
leptin
134
- small polypeptide hormone produced by endocrine cells in the pyloric portion of the stomach
- response to stimulation by parasympathetic nerve endings when protein food enters the stomach
gastrin
135
- polypeptide hormone and has a striking structural resemblance to gastrin
- response to presence of fatty acids
cholecystokinin (CKK)
136
- produced by endocrine cells in the duodenal wall
- response to food and strong acid in the stomach and small intestine
secretin
137
fatty substances are deposited in the lining of arteries
atherosclerosis
138
___ ___ rise before a meal to increase appetite
Ghrelin levels
139
Two types of vitamins
1. fat soluble
2. water soluble
140
- low calories
- low protein
Marasmus
141
- adequate calories
- low protein
Kwashiorkor
