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LC biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 main constitutions of human blood?

A

Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid part of blood & is an effective transport medium because of this.

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3
Q

What is plasma mainly composed of?

A

Water

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4
Q

What substances are transported by plasma?

A

Products of digestion, Waste, Hormones, Antibodies, Clotting proteins, Serum

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5
Q

What are clotting proteins?

A

Proteins found in plasma that help to clot blood if needed.

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without clotting proteins.

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7
Q

What can red blood cells also be called?

A

Erythrocytes, Corpuscles

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8
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

Red bone marrow

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9
Q

What happens to old red blood cells?

A

They are broken down in the liver and changed to bile pigments.

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10
Q

What happens when red blood cells are formed?

A

They have a nucleus but after a few days they lose their nucleus.

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11
Q

What do red blood cells not have?

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

A

Biconcave

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13
Q

What does the biconcave shape of red blood cells allow?

A

Allows for a larger surface area for the exchange of oxygen.

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14
Q

What feature of red blood cells allows them to pass through capillaries?

A

Flexible

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15
Q

What is anemia?

A

When there is a low amount of iron in the body due to hemoglobin not being formed properly. Red meat & Green veg increase iron.

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16
Q

What is the structure of white blood cells?

A

Larger than red blood cells and have no definite shape.

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17
Q

Where are white blood cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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18
Q

Where do white blood cells mature?

A

Spleen

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19
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Produce antibodies & lymphocytes, Fight infection

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20
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes, Phagocytes

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21
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

Bone marrow from large cells called megacytes.

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22
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clot blood

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23
Q

When is a clot formed?

A

When damaged body cells produce chemicals that stimulate platelets to clot blood.

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24
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A person who doesn’t produce the correct amount of clotting proteins & cannot clot blood, causing excessive bleeding.

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25
What are the functions of blood clots?
Prevents excess blood loss, Prevents the entry of microorganisms.
26
What are the functions of blood?
Transport, Defence
27
What are the 4 blood groups?
A, B, AB, O
28
How is your blood group determined?
Rhesus factor
29
What makes up the circulatory system?
Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood
30
What are the two types of circulatory systems?
Open and closed.
31
What is an open circulatory system?
The heart pumps blood into open-ended blood vessels. Example: Insects.
32
What is a closed circulatory system?
Blood remains in a system of blood vessels. Example: Humans.
33
What are the advantages of a closed circulatory system?
Blood is pumped faster, Rate (Speed) of blood flow can be controlled.
34
What are the two circuits of the circulatory system?
Pulmonary and systemic
35
What is the pulmonary circuit?
The heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
36
What is the systemic circuit?
The heart pumps blood from the heart, around the body then back to the heart.
37
What are the benefits of double circulation?
Separates oxygen-rich blood & deoxygenated blood, Higher BP - Ensures blood reaches all body parts.
38
What are the 3 blood vessels?
Artery, Veins, Capillaries
39
What is the function of arteries?
Carries blood away from the heart under high pressure.
40
What is the function of veins?
Carries blood towards the heart under low pressure and has valves to prevent backflow.
41
What are the features of veins that aid movement of blood?
Valves - prevent backflow, Muscular walls.
42
What are capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels that link arteries and venules. The thin wall allows easy exchange of materials with cells.
43
What are arterioles?
Connects arteries and capillaries
44
What are venules?
Connect capillaries to veins
45
What is the function of blood?
Transports materials around the body.
46
How is blood carried?
By blood vessels
47
Where is the heart located?
Between the lungs, slightly to the left side of the thorax, above the diaphragm.
48
What is the function of the heart?
To pump blood around the body.
49
What is the structure of the heart?
A hollow structure made of cardiac muscle, surrounded by a double membrane - prevents friction between beats.
50
What does the vena cava do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
51
What is the right atrium?
First chamber of the heart.
52
What is the right ventricle?
Blood comes to this chamber from the right atrium, it contracts to send blood to the lungs.
53
What is the tricuspid valve?
Opens & closes to allow & prevent movement of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
54
What is the pulmonary artery?
Blood is pumped out through here & carried to the lungs.
55
What is the pulmonary vein?
Major blood vessel that transports oxygen to the heart.
56
What is the left atrium?
Chamber of the heart full of oxygen-rich blood.
57
What is the left ventricle?
Blood comes here from the left atrium. It has a thick muscular wall so when it contracts, blood is pumped around the body.
58
What is the bicuspid valve?
Opens & closes to allow and prevent movement of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
59
What is the aorta?
The artery that carries blood from the heart to the body.
60
What are semi-lunar valves?
Prevents backflow of blood into the heart.
61
What is the septum?
Muscle that divides heart in two.
62
Why is the left side of the heart thicker?
Blood is pumped from here to all around the body. Thick wall creates force of blood.
63
What are coronary arteries?
Supplies the cardiac muscle with blood.
64
Where is the origin of the coronary artery?
Aorta
65
What are coronary veins?
Drains blood from the heart wall into the right atrium.
66
What is the heart made from and why?
Cardiac muscle - as it does not get tired.
67
What controls the heartbeat?
The pacemaker (SA & AV nodes)
68
Where is the SA node located?
Wall of right atrium
69
What is the function of the SA node?
Sends an electric impulse which causes atria to contract.
70
What is the SA node?
Sinoatrial node
71
Where is the AV node located?
Septum wall, between the atria and ventricle.
72
What is the AV node?
Atrioventricular node
73
What is the function of the AV node?
Causes ventricle to contract.
74
How is the heartbeat controlled?
Controlled by the pacemaker (SA node). The SA node emits an electric signal which causes atria to contract. The signal is picked up by the AV node, which sends a signal to the right ventricle to contract and send blood out of the heart.
75
What is systole?
When the heart is contracting.
76
What is diastole?
When the heart is relaxed.
77
What causes the sound of the heartbeat?
Lub - Valves opening, Dub - Valves closing
78
What is blood pressure?
Pressure in the arteries due to the contraction of ventricles which forces blood into arteries.
79
What is a healthy blood pressure?
120/80
80
What is considered a high blood pressure?
140/90
81
What is pulse?
The alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries.
82
Why should you never use your thumb to take your pulse?
As your thumb has a pulse of its own, resulting in an inaccurate reading.
83
What are ways to have a good circulatory system?
Quit smoking, Reduce fat/salt intake, Exercise regularly
84
What is the impact of smoking on the circulatory system?
Nicotine increases the heart rate & BP, which puts a bigger workload on the heart. Other chemicals in tobacco increase the chance of clots.
85
What is the impact of diet on the circulatory system?
High intake of fat causes a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries, which can cause a heart attack. High salt intake raises BP which can cause a heart attack.
86
What is the impact of exercise on the circulatory system?
Exercise strengthens the heart muscle which improves circulation. It also increases our ability to transport oxygen, giving increased energy levels.
87
What substances are transported by blood?
Urea (Enters blood at liver), Oxygen (Enters blood at lungs), Hormones (Enters blood at endocrine gland).
88
How does blood move through the veins?
Muscles contract which moves the blood & valves prevent backflow.
89
Name a blood vessel that has capillaries at both ends.
Hepatic portal vein
90
How are the systemic and pulmonary circuits linked?
The heart
91
Name two arteries that belong to the systemic circuits.
Hepatic artery & coronary artery.
92
Why is pulse detected on the wrist or neck?
As an artery is close to the skin's surface.
93
Where are the semi-lunar valves located?
Between the right ventricle and base of pulmonary artery.
94
What is a portal system?
Begins and ends in capillaries. Example: hepatic portal.
95
Which side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit?
Right side
96
Which side of the heart is the systemic circuit?
Left side
97
What molecule in red blood cells carries oxygen?
Hemoglobin
98
Why do red blood cells live for around 120 days?
As they have no nucleus.
99
What is the transport fluid that contains no red blood cells?
Lymph
100
Where is blood pressure measured?
Artery of the upper arm.
101
What is being recorded when measuring blood pressure?
The force of blood against the wall of the artery.
102
Why is the composition of blood different in the pulmonary artery?
Lower oxygen concentration.
103
Which vein contains very little carbon dioxide?
Pulmonary vein.
104
What vein is associated with the kidney?
Renal vein.
105
Draw and label the heart

LC biology (49 decks)

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