Cell Continuity

Question 1

What is cell continuity?

Answer 1

The way in which cells give rise to new cells.

Question 2

Where are chromosomes found?

Answer 2

In the nucleus.

Question 3

What are chromosomes composed of?

Answer 3

60% protein and 40% DNA.

Question 4

How many chromosomes do normal cells have?

Answer 4

46.

Question 5

Where are genes located?

Answer 5

Alongside chromosomes.

Question 6

Where do your chromosomes come from?

Answer 6

23 from your mother and 23 from your father.

Question 7

What is a haploid?

Answer 7

A cell that has one of each type of chromosome.

Question 8

Give an example of a haploid cell.

Answer 8

Gametes (sperm and egg).

Question 9

How is haploid represented?

Answer 9

‘n’.

Question 10

What is a diploid?

Answer 10

A cell with 2 of each type of chromosome.

Question 11

Give an example of a diploid cell.

Answer 11

Human cheek cells.

Question 12

How is diploid represented?

Answer 12

‘2n’.

Question 13

What does the cell cycle describe?

Answer 13

The events in the life of a cell.

Question 14

What mnemonic is used to remember the 5 stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 14

I (interphase) Party (prophase) Monday (metaphase) And (anaphase) Tuesdays (telophase).

Question 15

What are the 5 stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 15

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Question 16

What is interphase?

Answer 16

The period of time when a cell is not dividing.

Question 17

What happens during interphase?

Answer 17

The cell is not dividing but is very active carrying out protein synthesis, photosynthesis, and respiration.

Question 18

What occurs during late interphase?

Answer 18

Every chromosome in the cell makes an identical copy of itself (DNA replication).

Question 19

How long do cells spend in interphase?

Answer 19

90% of their existence.

Question 20

What two ways can a cell divide during a period of division?

Answer 20

Mitosis and Meiosis.

Question 21

What is mitosis?

Answer 21

A form of nuclear division in which a nucleus forms 2 nuclei with identical sets of chromosomes.

Question 22

What is meiosis?

Answer 22

A form of nuclear division in which a daughter nucleus contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent’s nucleus.

Question 23

Give one example of a human cell not produced by mitosis.

Answer 23

Sex cells / gametes.

Question 24

What is the function of mitosis in single-celled organisms?

Answer 24

Asexual reproduction.

Question 25

What is the function of mitosis in multi-celled organisms?

Answer 25

Responsible for growth, renewal, and repairing of cells.

Question 26

Identify 3 things that happen during prophase.

Answer 26

Nuclear membrane starts to break down, fibres appear in the cytoplasm from the centriole, each chromosome appears as a duplicated strand.

Question 27

What is the role of the centriole?

Answer 27

Produces fibres.

Question 28

What is a centromere?

Answer 28

Holds chromosomes together.

Question 29

Identify 3 things that happen during metaphase.

Answer 29

Chromosomes thicken even more, chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell, fibres attach to each chromosome's centromere from each side of the cell.

Question 30

Identify 2 things that happen during anaphase.

Answer 30

Fibres contract, centromeres break and chromosomes are pulled apart.

Question 31

Identify 2 things that happen during telophase.

Answer 31

2 daughter cells form when the cleavage furrow forms along the cell's equator, chromosomes elongate within the nucleus.

Question 32

What happens during telophase in animal and plant cells?

Answer 32

Animal cells: 2 daughter cells form when a cleavage furrow forms. Plant cells: Vesicles of cellulose join to form a cell plate.

Question 33

What is cancer?

Answer 33

A group of disorders in which certain cells lose their ability to control both the rate of mitosis and how many times it takes place.

Question 34

What is benign cancer?

Answer 34

They are not life-threatening and do not invade other tissues & the cells stop dividing after some time. eg warts & skin tags.

Question 35

What is malignant cancer?

Answer 35

Uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells, malignant tumours invade other cells and move around the body. Cancer cells divide indefinitely.

Question 36

What is the movement of malignant cells called?

Answer 36

Metastasis.

Question 37

What is a cancer-causing gene?

Answer 37

Oncogene.

Question 38

What is a carcinogen?

Answer 38

Any substance that acts as a 'cancer-causing agent'.

Question 39

Give examples of carcinogens.

Answer 39

Cigarette smoke, UV rays, excessive and prolonged alcohol abuse.

Question 40

What are cancer treatments?

Answer 40

Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery.

Question 41

What happens to a cell that undergoes meiosis?

Answer 41

It has half the number of chromosomes in the nucleus; a diploid cell becomes a haploid cell.

Question 42

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 42

Mitosis produces cells with identical genes and maintains chromosome number; meiosis halves the number of chromosomes.

Question 43

What is the function of chromosomes?

Answer 43

To carry genes.

Question 44

What is the function of meiosis?

Answer 44

To produce gametes and variation.

Question 45

What are the 2 biomolecules produced during interphase?

Answer 45

Protein and nucleic acid (DNA).

Question 46

What organelle is replicated during interphase?

Answer 46

Centriole.