Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cog Neuro Final > Class 1,2,3,4 > Flashcards

Class 1,2,3,4 Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Why does philosophy matter?

A
  • It predates the establishment of modern science as we know it
  • The first people to consider questions of the mind were philosophers
  • When we make inferences about natural phenomena based on the empirical data we collect, we are using logic to do so
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

REDUCTIVE PHYSICALISM

A

Mind is Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CARTESIAN DUALISM

A

Mind it totally different from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aristotle

A

the heart as the seat of the rational soul

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Idea behind phrenology

A

Increased usage of a brain region leading to growth of it (Gall & Spurzheim)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mainstreamed phrenology

A

The idea that measuring one’s skull could result in knowledge of an individual’s character led to phrenology’s application in:

  • Job interviews
  • Marriage compatibility tests
  • Arguments against (and also for!) abolitionism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Localization of function found by

A

Paul Broca & Carl Wernicke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Brodmann areas

A

(BAs): cytoarchitectonics

the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system’s tissues under the microscope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Empiricism

A

knowledge is gained through sensory experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rationalism

A

knowledge is gained through reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Behaviourism

(& its problem)

A

the only objective measurements made are behavioral

Issue with this — we know that some complex mental structures already exist! - “Cells that fire together, wire together”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Modern-day phrenology?

A
  • Without a more rigorous understanding of the methods, it is possible to conceive of what neuroimaging tells us as a ‘new phrenology’
  • However, we also have many different mechanisms in the scientific community to protect against this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neuroimaging to disprove phrenology

A

No connection between scalp curvature and brain gyrification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Soma

A

Contains essentials for cellular function

  • Nucleus, mitochondria, DNA, ribosomes, enzymes
  • Forms most of grey matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Receives signals
  • Many different kinds for making different types of connections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Axon

A

• Carries electrical information along its length

  • Forms most of white matter
  • Sheathed in myelin via glia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glia (types)

A

4 (main) types

PNS - Schwinn Cell
CNS - Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Astrocytes

A

• Star-like shape

  • Form the blood-brain barrier
  • Protect CNS
  • Role in healing from stroke and spinal cord injuries
  • Supply nutrients to neurons
  • Influence neurochemical communications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A
  • Responsible for myelination of axons (white matter)
  • Oligodendrocytes in CNS, Schwann cells in PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Microglia

A
  • Immune system of the brain
  • Monitors for signals from CNS to be activated
  • Cleans up dead cells
  • Helps with regulation of CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Action potential (AP)

A

Fast shift in the membrane potential of a neuron that begins once a certain threshold potential is passed and propagates down the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Inside of the neuron is maintained at a negative potential compared to the outside

Difference maintained by Na+/K+ pumps in the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Resting State (AP)

A

• Inputs from dendrites raise or lower the potential

• When sum of inputs increases potential to -55 mV (threshold
potential), AP occurs

• Potential needed for voltagegated Na+ channels to open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Depolarization (AP)

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ enters, cell depolarizes

As cell depolarizes, voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ leaves cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Repolarization (AP)
At around +40 mV, the Na+ channels close • This causes the polarity of the membrane to reverse • But since the K+ channels are still open, the gradient overshoots -70
26
Hyperpolarization (AP)
The gradient overshoots • K+ channels close at this point, stopping the flow of K+ outward • Na+/K+ pump restores membrane potential back to -70 mV
27
Adding up all the PSPs collected from dendrites in the axon and summed at the
axon hillock
28
Neurotransmitter types
Amino acids: • Glutamate (CNS) • GABA (CNS) “System” neurotransmitters: • Acetylcholine • Dopamine • Noradrenaline / norepinephrine • Serotonin
29
Directions for the brain
30
Contralateral
Opposite side
31
Ipsilateral
Same Side
32
Unilateral
one side
33
Bilateral
both sides
34
Proximal
closer to body center
35
Distal
further from body center
36
Spinal Cord is the \_\_\_
Interface of the PNS/CNS
37
tetraplegia
cervical area damage causes - (quadriplegia): loss of function in all four limbs
38
Cranial Nerves (and where they origonate)
* Nerves that directly come out of the brain (as opposed to spinal cord) * 12 in total * Olfactory and optic (I and II) originate in cerebrum * All other cranial nerves originate in brainstem
39
Medulla
* Part of hindbrain portion of brainstem * Contains many cell bodies of cranial nerves (involved in head-related motor and sensory signals) * Cranial nerves IX – XII (9-11)originate here * Most motor fibers cross from one side of the body to the other at the medulla * Contralateral organization of motor * Includes neurons that are part of reticular activating system * Arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycle
40
Pons
Lies superior to medulla and anterior to cerebellum; also part of hindbrain * Main connection between cortex and cerebellum * Diverse functions, including roles in eye movements, vestibular function (balance) * Cranial nerves V – VIII (4-7) originate here
41
Midbrain
(Brainstem) • Part of reticular activating system • Contains superior and inferior colliculi * Inferior colliculus: sound localization * Reflexive orienting of attention to sound events * Superior colliculus: foveation (focusing of vision) * Cranial nerves III and IV (3-4) originate here
42
Cerebellum
* Voluntary movement * Coordinated movement * Ipsilateral organization with respect to motor control * Higher cognitive functions * Timing * Working memory
43
Case study: No cerebellum?
• Damage to or absence of cerebellum interferes with fine motor skills, coordinated movements like walking: **cerebellar ataxia** • Does not mean complete loss of motor movement; **slowed development of walking reported**
44
Thalamus
Diencephalon • Large bilateral mass of grey matter deep in the brain • Axons from almost every sensory modality innervate the thalamus * Medial geniculate nuclei (audition) * Lateral geniculate nuclei (vision) * Sensory relay to cortex: * Allows for reorganization and fine-tuning of afferent inputs
45
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon * Ventral to thalamus (hypo = ‘under’) * Controls the ANS and endocrine system * Hormone release * Function: regulation of homeostasis * Eating, drinking, sexual behaviors * Fight-or-flight response * Light-dark cycles, circadian rhythms
46
Basal Ganglia
• Multiple subcortical structures • Striatum: Caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens • Globus pallidus • Substantia nigra • Subthalamic nuclei • Functions • Preparation and termination of actions • Motivation and reward
47
Hippocampus
* Located in medial temporal lobes (MTL) * Some main functions: * Memory consolidation * Spatial navigation
48
Amygdala
* Sits above hippocampus in the MTL and made of multiple nuclei * Function: * Emotion processing * Memory modulation * Decision-making * Fear / reward learning * Damage results in impairments in decision-making and emotional processing
49
Amygdala
* Sits above hippocampus in the MTL and made of multiple nuclei * Function: * Emotion processing * Memory modulation * Decision-making * Fear / reward learning * Damage results in impairments in decision-making and emotional processing
50
Cerebral Cortex
• Most recent evolutionary expansion of the brain * Made of up to 6 layers of cells, depending on the area of the cortex * Neocortex (6 layers) * Allocortex (3-4 layers) * 1.5 to 4.5 mm thick * Very wrinkled and convoluted * *Divided into two halves* * Communicate with each other through: * Corpus callosum * Anterior commissure
51
Insula
Deep within lateral sulcus * Primary gustatory cortex (for taste) * Also processes feeling of disgust (both physical and moral)
52
Fissure
Very deep sulcus • Sulcus (pl. sulci): valley between gyri
53
Planes
54
Neocortex
has 6 layers, outermost
55
two sides of the cerebral cortex communicate by
* Corpus callosum * Anterior commissure
56
Allocortex
3-4 layers
57
Inferior colliculus
sound localization • Reflexive orienting of attention to sound events
58
Superior colliculus
foveation (focusing of vision)
59
Dorsal
Top
60
Supperior
top/dorsal
61
anterior
left/to nose
62
rostral
Left/to nose
63
Posterior
R/Back of head
64
caudal
R/back of head
65
Ventral
bottom
66
inferrior
bottom
67
Sagital/Coronal/Horzontal planes
68
PNS divisoins
Dorsal: Sensory / afferent Ventral: Motor / efferent
69
Outputs from dorsal horn come together to form \_\_
dorsal root, same for ventral
70
Cell bodies of dorsal root sensory neurons form
dorsal root ganglion
71
paraplegia
Damage below the cervical area preserves arm function, resulting in paraplegia

Cog Neuro Final (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions