Class 17

Question 1

Executive functions

Answer 1

set of cognitive process that help organize

3 main units

• working memory
• inhibitory control
• cognitive flexibility

Question 2

Unity/diversity in EF

Answer 2

all EFs share one factor in common, and then two that are active in specific situations

Question 3

PFC in EF

Answer 3

lots of funtonal and antomical subdividsions

involved in starting and stoping

conceptual thinking (big thing)

being able to respond to new things

goal directed behavior

Question 4

more ventral in PFC

Answer 4

matience of information

holding in mind

Question 5

the more dorasl in PFC

Answer 5

more to do with manipularon of information

the how

Question 6

more anterior in PFC

Answer 6

more abstract

Question 7

more posterier in PFC

Answer 7

more concreet thinking is

Question 8

working memeory and EF

Answer 8

WM underlies many EFs

Question 9

Monkeys with PFC lesions can complete the associative memory task but not the __

Answer 9

WM task

because no external cues avalable

maintin an online representation (holding in min)

Question 10

Value

Answer 10

a metric of the preference we give to a given stimulus or course of action

Question 11

example of value

Answer 11

Primary reinforcers (e.g. food) vs. secondary reinforcers (e.g. money) – money gains value as a result of being associated with other reinforcers (e.g. using money to buy food gives money value)

Question 12

Assessment of the value of a given course of action (deciding to do it or not) involves several factors:

Answer 12

• Payoff / value of reward
• Likelihood of attaining reward
• Effort / cost of action
• Context surrounding a given decision (e.g. novelty)
• Preference

Question 13

__ is a key process in the initiation of behaviours

Answer 13

dicession making

Question 14

Activity in ___ regions associated with motor planning also appear to be involved in ___

Answer 14

SMA, preSMA, ACC

innitation of behavior

Question 15

ACC has been found to be active in integrating information about

Answer 15

effort and reward

Question 16

Behavioural apathy is associated with less structural and functional connectivity between

Answer 16

ACC and pre-SMA

(Behavioral apathy is not wanting to do things)

Question 17

Temporal discounting

Answer 17

the longer you have to wait fora reward, the value of the reward decreases

Question 18

Lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex affect an individual’s capacity to evaluate a reward’s

Answer 18

value over a long period of time

Question 19

OFC also tracks representations of contingency: how past information can affect ___

Answer 19

subsequent decisions

Question 20

the consequence of making a poor decision

Answer 20

Regret

Question 21

People tend to exert more effort for larger rewards, but that is proportional to how

Answer 21

large that difference in reward is relative to the difference in effort

Question 22

ACC found to code for a conjunction of both __ and __ as value

Answer 22

effort and reward

Question 23

Nucleus accumbens (NAcc): dopaminergic connections from

Answer 23

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Pleasure centre of the brain?

Question 24

Previously discussed nigrostriatal pathway (dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra): ___ activity

Answer 24

motor

Question 25

Two pathways emerge from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA):

Answer 25

* Mesolimbic (connections to areas mediating emotion processing) * Mesocortical (connections to frontal lobe, particularly medial) – value!

Question 26

Mesolimbic pathway

Answer 26

connections to areas mediating emotion processing

Question 27

Mesocortical pathway

Answer 27

connections to frontal lobe, particularly medial - value

Question 28

Dopaminergic neurons (in VTA) anticipating a reward based on a __ not just a \_\_\_

Answer 28

cue, not just the presence of a reward itself: **reward prediction error (RPE)**

Question 29

GABA neurons in the VTA synapse onto dopaminergic (DA) neurons and affect their

Answer 29

firing rate

Question 30

Inactivating the GABA neurons between receiving the cue and the reward results in

Answer 30

increased firing of the DA neurons – the DA neurons can calculate RPE

Question 31

\_\_ can calcluate RPE

Answer 31

DA neurons

Question 32

dopamine mediates salience, indicating how much something is

Answer 32

important (and in reward cases, desired)

Question 33

Different groups of DA neurons appear to respond in patterns that correspond either to ___ the valence of a stimulus, versus

Answer 33

learning signaling something salient

Question 34

great deal of language processing is lateralized to the left hemisphere regions surrounding the

Answer 34

sylvian fissure

Question 35

dysarthria

Answer 35

speech problems caused by the loss of control over articularory mussles

Question 36

apraxia

Answer 36

deficits in motor planing of articulations

Question 37

anomia

Answer 37

form of aphasa chartarized by an inability to name objects

Question 38

syntax

Answer 38

rules governing how words are put together in a sentence

Question 39

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 39

fiber tract connecting broca;s and wenicke's area

Question 40

models that attempt to explain word comprehension

Answer 40

modular model - higher levels cannot influence lower levels, bottom up interactive models - all types of information can partisapate in word reconition, contex can influence beofore sensory information is avalable hyprid models

Question 41

synatactic parsing

Answer 41

assign a synatic structure to words in sentences

Question 42

N400 response

Answer 42

sensitive to semamtic aspects of linguistic input N400 response occourred when woeds were inconsistant with the meaning of an entire story

Question 43

N600 Response

Answer 43

syntatic positive shift (SPS) when sentiences contain a gramatical violitaition (both when read and listen to)

Question 44

Left anterior frontal cortex has some involvment in __ processing

Answer 44

syntatic

Question 45

three functonal componesnts of language processing

Answer 45

memory - lingustic knolage that folowing acqusition is incoded and consoladated unification - integration of lexically retreved phonological, semantic, and synstatic information into an overall representation of the whole control - language to socal interations