Class 14

Question 1

What kinds of attention are there

Answer 1

Arousal
Sustained attention / vigilance
Selective attention
Divided attention

Question 2

Arousal

Answer 2

sensitivity to stimulation

Question 3

Sustained attention / vigilance

Answer 3

Attention span
focusing on something for a long time

Question 4

Selective attention

Answer 4

“pay attention”
processing relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information

Question 5

Divided attention

Answer 5

multitasking
splitting attention across different tasks

Question 6

Noradrenaline

Answer 6

norepinephrine (NE)
Mobilizes brain by enhancing sensory processing
Arousal and attention role - Shut off (not see it) during REM sleep
Flight in fight or flight

Question 7

norepinephrine Nuclei in

Answer 7

locus coeruleus

Question 8

Main NT for sympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

norepinephrine

Question 9

Acetylcholine receptor subtypes

Answer 9

Nicotinic (ionotropic) - nicotine mimics atctivity of AcH
Muscarinic (metabotropic)

Question 10

Acetylcholine cell bodies in

Answer 10

pons, midbrain, basal forebrain

Question 11

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Answer 11

Maintains cortical excitability, Decreased in anaesthesia, Selective attention, motivation, reward

Question 12

Classifying selective attention

Answer 12

Top-down vs. bottom-up

Question 13

Top-down selective attention

Answer 13

Goal directed 
voluntary attention (endo) 

Knowledge, expectations, goals - drive allocation of attention

Question 14

Bottom-up selective attention

Answer 14

Stimulus directed
Reflexively (captured) (exo)

Sensory input captures attention allocation

(suddenly slam podium - not own attention draw to spot, sudden stimulus draw attention)

Question 15

Overt attention

Answer 15

focusing and perceiving what eyes are fixated on

Question 16

Fixation

Answer 16

directing fovea to particular spot

Question 17

Saccades

Answer 17

movement of eyes, shifting fovea to different spots

Question 18

Covert attention

Answer 18

pay attention without looking at (fixating on) them
focusing and perceiving things outside of foveation

Question 19

Helmholz (1894) first tested covert attention by

Answer 19

fixating his eyes while attending to another part of visual fields
-When lit up, he could only recall letters from parts he attended to

Question 20

Early selection

Answer 20

items are selected for further processing before perceptual analysis is completed
only focus on on one side of screen

Question 21

Late selection

Answer 21

items are selected for after perceptual analysis, at the level of semantic analysis
after access meanings - process all things either left or right - but only interested in one feature - than focus on

Question 22

Cocktail party effect

Answer 22

Dichotic listening
- Little information from unattended ear processed
Early selection based on location

Question 23

Dichotic listening

Answer 23

presenting different inputs to each ear

• Asked to repeat inputs to one ear
• Little information from unattended ear processed

Question 24

own name effect

Answer 24

Attention captured with subject’s name in unattended stream

Question 25

Unattended stream can interfere with

Answer 25

memory for attended stream

Question 26

Posner cuing task

Answer 26

covert attention to position of a target

Question 27

Endogenous cuing

Answer 27

Posner cuing task

Question 28

Exogenous cuing

Answer 28

Brief enhancement of response within 50-200 ms of presenting a reflexive cue (e.g. bright light)

Question 29

Inhibition of return

Answer 29

inhibiting the return of attention to the cued location

Question 30

Inhibition of return is demonstrated by

Answer 30

slower RT and reduced ERP amplitude

Question 31

Visual search

Answer 31

finding a specific stimulus in a mix of multiple stimuli

Question 32

Conjunction search

Answer 32

a search for an object in an array that combines two or more features

Question 33

Pop-Out search

Answer 33

a search for an object in an array that can be identified by one feature

Question 34

Visual attention in conjunction searches modulates

Answer 34

visuospatial attention in a similar way to endogenous cuing

Question 35

What is attention?

Answer 35

Definition constantly changing predicated by what we might think is important

Question 36

RAS

Answer 36

NA AcH - involved in arousal and vigilance

Question 37

Nicotine theory of why do people vape

Answer 37

facilitate selective attention bind to nicotinic receptors

Question 38

Shape requires

Answer 38

integration of what lines where may need to pay attention to in order to fully process (compared to theirs such as location, color, number)

Question 39

things with a lot of personal aspects (ex. name)

Answer 39

pass through early processing

Question 40

Valid cue

Answer 40

target is where cue is

Question 41

Balint's syndrome

Answer 41

bilateral damage to regions of the posterior parietal and occipital cortex that causes a severe disturbance of visual attention and awareness where only one or a small subset of available objects is preceded at any time and is mis located in space

Question 42

Attention influences how we code

Answer 42

sensory inputs, store that information, process it, and act on it to survive in a challenging world.