Class 19 - Emotion

Question 1

“Emotion consists of ___, _____, and ___

that ____

Answer 1

“Emotion consists of neural circuits (that are at least partially dedicated), response systems, and a feeling state/process that motivates and organizes cognition and action.”

Question 2

Two models of emotion/parts of emotion

Answer 2

Question 3

topics of interest in Emotion

Answer 3

• Neural circuitry
• Physiological responses / reactions
• Phenomenological experience or feeling
• Perceptual/cognitive interactions with emotion

Question 4

Emotinos are ___ in nature

Answer 4

Adaptive in nature: short in duration

Question 5

Mood vs Emotion

Answer 5

longer-lasting state, trigger / object not easily identifiable, lower in intensity

Question 6

Feeling vs Emotion

Answer 6

subjective experiences of emotion

Question 7

Affect vs Emotion

Answer 7

umbrella term for short- and longer-term changes

Question 8

Discrete emotions

Answer 8

happy, sad, surprised, angry, etc.

• Could be split between ‘basic’ and ‘complex’ emotions

Question 9

Two-axis model of Emotion

Answer 9

valence and arousal

• Valence: positive/negative (Pleasure or displeasure)
• Arousal: strength of experience (High or low intensity)

Question 10

James-Lange

Answer 10

physiological and behavioural responses precede feeling

Question 11

Cannon-Bard

Answer 11

physiology and emotional experience are simultaneous, from two different neural pathways

Question 12

Schachter-Singer

Answer 12

cognitive appraisal is needed to interpret physiology

Study: injected adrenaline

Question 13

LeDoux’s ____ pathways

Answer 13

Fast and Slow

Diret and Indirect

Question 14

Direct path (of Emotion)

Answer 14

(the fast path): Crude processing of a stimulus

• Allows for quick response to potentially dangerous things
• ‘Hardwired’

Question 15

Indirect path (of Emotion)

Answer 15

(the slow path): More detail on stimulus in exchange for more processing time needed

• Conscious feeling of emotion
• Learned by experience

Question 16

James Papez proposed

Answer 16

a circuitry for emotion

Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus

Question 17

Paul MacLean: coined

Answer 17

‘limbic system’

• Building on Papez’s circuit, included other areas around the rim of corpus callosum

Question 18

Amygdaloid complex

Answer 18

multiple sub-nuclei with distinct cytoarchitecture and connections

• Basolateral nuclei*
• Central and medial nuclei*
• Cortical nucleus*

Question 19

Basolateral nuclei

Answer 19

inputs to and from a variety of cortical regions

Influence learning + memory

Question 20

Central and medial nuclei

Answer 20

connections to hypothalamus + others

Control of autonomic responses, hormones

Question 21

Cortical nucleus

Answer 21

connections to hippocampus

Receives info from olfactory bulb

Question 22

‘emotion hub’

because it

Answer 22

The amygdala

• Integrates sensory input (across modalities)

Direct input from the olfactory bulb

Visual and auditory cues via ‘direct’ thalamic routes

• Rapid, automatic evaluation in direct path (LeDoux’s ‘fast’ path)

Question 23

LeDoux’s fast and slow pathway for bear (but then actually backpack)

Answer 23

Question 24

Urbach-Wiethe disease

Answer 24

degeneration of the amygdala

Question 25

Patient SM

Answer 25

Had Urbach-Wiethe disease Was otherwise cognitively normal, but could not identify the emotion of fear on someone’s face, and couldn’t show typical expressions of fear Not because she didn’t understand the concept of fear

Question 26

Comparing pleasant- and unpleasant-smelling acids in different intensities

Answer 26

increase of activity in higher intensity vs lower intensity irrespective of valance idea: mabey Amigdala is coding for arousal

Question 27

\_\_\_ change with learning

Answer 27

Connections from basolateral nuclei to either nucleus accumbens (involved in reward) or centromedial nuclei (associated here with fear) change with learning AMPA to MNDA receptor density (more AMPA expressed- more learning see) AMPA to NMDA receptor ratio

Question 28

AMPA and NMDA receptors and types of learning

Answer 28

***_fear response_*** - see **basolateral nuclei to Nucleous Accumbins** (involved in reward) - AMPA to NMDA **ratio decreases** (but if rewarding - ratio increases) see **basolateral nuclei to centromedial nuclei** (associated here with fear) - AMPA to NMDA **ratio increases** (But if rewarding - decrease ratio)

Question 29

Patient S.P.

Answer 29

Dissociation of implicit and explicit learning Even though the relationship between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus can be explicitly reported, the physiological response to the US is not elicited by the CS (i.e. no conditioned response is generated)

Question 30

Emotionally arousing information is remembered \_\_

Answer 30

more, but this is not seen in people who have amygdalar damage

Question 31

Blocking norepinephrine receptors reduced recall of \_\_ Sugessting \_\_\_

Answer 31

emotional segments of a story, suggesting a role of stress hormones in amygdala-facilitated memory

Question 32

Noradrenaline (Overview)

Answer 32

Question 33

Emotions and decision-making involves a ____ model

Answer 33

Dual process approach/model

Question 34

Dual process approach/model

Answer 34

Passion vs. Reason Emotions vs. Cognition Envolves 2 systems

Question 35

System 1

Answer 35

(emotional reactivity) * Automatic * No voluntary control * Driven by affective impulses

Question 36

System 2

Answer 36

Cognative Control * Deliberative * Effortful and computational * Driven by rule-based thought

Question 37

Loss aversion

Answer 37

the tendency to weigh losses more than gains in making decisions

Question 38

Neural activity in the amygdala in response to losses compared to gains indicated

Answer 38

(higher activity =) higher loss aversion;

Question 39

blocking ____ can reduce loss aversion

Answer 39

arousal (e.g. effects of noradrenaline) can reduce loss aversion

Question 40

Eye-tracking demonstrated that S.M. wasn’t

Answer 40

looking at the eyes, which control participants were doing

Question 41

When told to look at the eyes, S.M. could \_\_\_ Sugessting \_\_\_

Answer 41

identify fear! (Fear is best characterized by the eyes) Suggests role of amygdala in automatic / bottom-up control of gaze

Question 42

Reappraisal

Answer 42

reassessing an emotional response or reframing one’s thoughts around a situation, aiming to change the emotional response (often to reduce negative affect)

Question 43

cognitive appraisal can play a role in how we experience

Answer 43

emotions, from the situation to the response (Recall the Schachter-Singer model)

Question 44

Cognitive reappraisal typically involves several ___ areas and the \_\_\_

Answer 44

prefrontal areas and anterior cingulate cortex (recall these areas’ roles in cognitive control!)

Question 45

gender differences in brain areas associated with reappraisal

Answer 45

women found to have more activity in ventral striatum during reappraisal, suggesting a role of positive emotion in reappraisal

Question 46

What is the point of emotions

Answer 46

communicate resonse/apprach/avodance