Class 12 and 13

Question 1

Glucagon

Answer 1

increases blood glucose vis glycogenolysis

Question 2

amylin

Answer 2

inhibits glucagon secretion after meals

Question 3

Insulin

Answer 3

promotes glucose uptake by cells

Question 4

Type 1 DM involves the destruction of?

Answer 4

Beta cells

Question 5

Type 1 DM has?

Answer 5

little to no insulin being produced

Question 6

Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune response?

Answer 6

Type 1

Question 7

when are ketones produced?

Answer 7

when the cells breakdown fats for fuel instead of glucose

Question 8

what are the 3 classic manifestations of type 1 DM?

Answer 8

polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

Question 9

What is HbA1C used for?

Answer 9

to test how high blood sugars have been over the past 3 months

Question 10

Type 1 diabetics always need?

Answer 10

insulin

Question 11

What is the pathophysiology of type 2 DM?

Answer 11

progressive impairment of beta cell function and progressive insulin resistance

Question 12

the beta cells in type 2 diabetes are?

Answer 12

exhausted

Question 13

the manifestations of type 2 diabetes are often?

Answer 13

non-specific

Question 14

what is the blood sugar level in hypoglycemia?

Answer 14

less than 4

Question 15

what are the causes of hypoglycemia?

Answer 15

too much medication, not enough food or both

Question 16

speed of onset of hypoglycemia?

Answer 16

rapid, within a few hours

Question 17

Which acute complication of DM has these symptoms:confusion, disorientation, restlessness, agitation, coma, tremors, sweaty skin, increased HR?

Answer 17

hypoglycaemia

Question 18

Blood glucose level of DKA?

Answer 18

more than 14

Question 19

what is the cause of DKA?

Answer 19

no enough insulin to meet needs

Question 20

which type of diabetes does DKA most commonly occur in?

Answer 20

type 1

Question 21

speed of onset of DKA?

Answer 21

typically a few days but could also occur in hours

Question 22

which acute complication of DM has these manifestations: polyuria, polydipsia, hypotension, tachycardia, rapid weight loss, marked fatigue, seizures, coma, kussmauls respirations and fruity or acetone breath

Answer 22

DKA

Question 23

Blood glucose level in HHNK?

Answer 23

more than 33

Question 24

HHNK commonly affects?

Answer 24

type 2 diabetics

Question 25

what are the causes of HHNK?

Answer 25

insufficient insulin. stress illness and infection

Question 26

speed of onset of HHNK?

Answer 26

slow process over many days to weeks

Question 27

what is important to note about HHNK?

Answer 27

there is profound fluid loss, no ketosis and no acidosis

Question 28

HHNK can cause?

Answer 28

profound hypovolemia

Question 29

Macrovascular disease is due to?

Answer 29

atherosclerosis

Question 30

what happens when glucose binds with proteins in blood vessel walls?

Answer 30

traps LDL and triggers inflammation

Question 31

what can help reduce chronic complications in diabetes?

Answer 31

strict blood sugar control and HbA1C every 3 months

Question 32

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH would lead to ______ urine output?

Answer 32

decreased

Question 33

what would happen to serum sodium in SIADH?

Answer 33

it would decrease

Question 34

would someone with SIADH be hypotonic or hypertonic?

Answer 34

hypotonic

Question 35

would someone with SIADH be hyponatremic or hypernatremic?

Answer 35

hyponatremic

Question 36

what is a disease of pituitary hypo function?

Answer 36

diabetes insipidus

Question 37

in someone with diabetes insipidus, urine output would?

Answer 37

increase

Question 38

would serum sodium increase or decrease in someone with diabetes insipidus?

Answer 38

increase

Question 39

T4 and T3 both?

Answer 39

increase metabolism

Question 40

what is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Answer 40

hashimotos thyroiditis

Question 41

slow HR, fatigue/weakness, weight gain and cold intolerance are all signs of?

Answer 41

hashimotos thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)

Question 42

in hypothyroidism, TSH will be _____ and T3 and T4 will be______?

Answer 42

TSH will be high and T3 and T4 will be low

Question 43

what is hypothyroidism in children called?

Answer 43

cretinism

Question 44

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 44

graves disease

Question 45

graves disease is a?

Answer 45

type II autoimmune disease

Question 46

Increased HR, increased BP, irritability and anxiety, weight loss, diarrhea and enlarged thyroid gland are symptoms of?

Answer 46

hyperthyroidism

Question 47

In hyperthyroidism, TSH will be _____ and T3 and T4 will be?

Answer 47

TSH will be decreased and T3 and T4 will be increased

Question 48

exophthalmos is a sign of?

Answer 48

graves disease

Question 49

periorbital edema is a sign of?

Answer 49

hypothyroidism

Question 50

What is a disease of hypercortisolism?

Answer 50

cushings syndrome

Question 51

what is a disease of hypocortisolism?

Answer 51

Addison's disease

Question 52

secondary adrenal insufficiency can result from?

Answer 52

sudden withdrawal of glucocorticoid therapy