Flashcards in Class 2 Deck (27)
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1
Define demographics
Demos = people
Graphein = to write
People in your neighborhood
2
Major demographic factors in society
Age
Immigration status
Gender
Sexual orientation
Race and ethnicity
3
Two Major theories of demographic change
Malthusian theory
Demographic transition theory
4
Malthusian theory
Hypothesized that unchecked population growth would quickly exceed carrying capacity leading to overpopulation and catastrophes such as famine or war known as Malthusian catastrophe
5
Demographic transition theory
Societies transition from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates
Pre-industrial stage = high birth rates and high death rates
industrial revolution = high birth rates but death rates fall, leading to population growth
Post industrial stage = low birth rates and low death rates; population stabilizes
6
Four stages of demographic transition model
Stage 1 Expanding
Stage 2 Expanding
Stage 3 Stationary
Stage 4 Contracting
7
Gender identity
The extent to which one identified with a particular gender
Gender identity is often shaped early in life through social interactions
8
Sexual orientation
Is a social construct that exists along a continuum with the extremes being exclusive attractions to the opposite gender or sex and exclusive attraction to the same gender or sex
The Kinsey Scale
- based on who has been in your bed
- who you have actually been with sexually
9
Define Race
Dividing people into populations or groups on the basis of various sets of PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
10
Define ethnicity
A population group whose members identify with each other on the basis of COMMON NATIONALITY or SHARED CULTURAL TRADITIONS
11
What is the genealogy of race
Racial
12
Define residential segregation
Physical separation of groups into different areas, typically along the lines of race ethnicity or socioeconomic status
13
Environmental injustice
If you are born into a minority group of low SES then you tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionally high
14
Define food desert
An area typically in highly ..
15
Prejudice vs discrimination
Involved preconceived judgements toward people based on their group membership
Prejudice is a BELIEF and not a behaviour
Prejudice may lead to discrimination but discrimination is biased treatment of an individual based on group membership: ACTION
16
Social segregation
Tendency of people from the same social groups to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups
17
Educational segregation
Poor schools vs rich schools
18
Socioeconomic Status
The social standing or class of an individual or group
It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation
19
Socioeconomic And the 3Ps
Power = the ability to enforce ones will on other people
Property = possessions, income and other wealth
Prestige = ones reputation and standing in society
20
What is the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty
Absolute poverty = can’t afford food water shelter
Relative poverty = inability to meet the average standard of living by a given society
21
Life expectancy
The number of years from birth an individual is expected to live on average
22
Social stratification
3 types of stratification
Within society we have layers or levels
3 types:
Caste System
Class System
Meritocracy
23
Caste system
Rigid
Lower social mobility
Less dependent on effort
Social status defined by birth
24
Meritocracy
The people who “deserve it” will rule
- smart and work hard you are in the upper classes
Lots of social mobility
More dependent on effort
Social status based on individual merit
25
Class system
Some degree of social mobility
Social status determined by birth and individual merit
26
Social reproduction
Occurs when social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next
27