Class 3

Question 1

Impression management

Answer 1

Self presentation

Process whereby we attempt to manage our own image by influencing the perceptions of others

Question 2

Impression management

Front stage vs back stage

Answer 2

Front stage
- we craft the way we come across to others

Back stage
- we can let down our guard and act like ourselves

Question 3

Self concept

Answer 3

Also known as your self identity self construction or self perspective, your self concept includes all of your beliefs about who you are As an individual

Question 4

Cultural characteristics

Answer 4

Age
Disabilities 
Disabilities
Religion
Ethnicity/race
Sexually orientation
Socioeconomic status
Indigenous background
National origin
Gender

Question 5

Self schemas

Answer 5

Beliefs and ideas you have about yourself; they guide and organize the processing of information that is relevant to you

Combine and interact to form our self concept

Question 6

Self efficacy

Answer 6

How good you think you are at doing soemthing

High self efficacy means that you believe you are good at doing something

Low self efficacy means that you believe you are bad at doing something

Self efficacy can vary from task to task

Question 7

Locus of control

Answer 7

Whether you think you have control over what happens to you

Internal locus of control
- you believe you have control over events

External locus of control
- you do not believe you have control over events

Question 8

Dramaturgical perspective

Answer 8

Which stems from the theory of symbolic interactionism posits that we imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with others; we base our self presentations on cultural values norms and expectations. The goal is to present an acceptable self to others

Question 9

Aversive control

Answer 9

Occurs when behaviour is motivated by the reality or threat of something unpleasant happening

Question 10

Escape behaviour vs avoidance behaviour

Answer 10

Escape behaviour
- termination of an unpredicted unpleasant stimulus that has already occurred

Avoidance behaviour
- avoidance of a predictable unpleasant stimulus before it is initiated

Question 11

Self esteem

Answer 11

Beliefs about ones self worth

Question 12

Social learning theory

Answer 12

Closely related to social cognitive theory , the belief that learning takes place in social contexts and can occur purely through observation, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement, this is know as social learning, vicarious learning or observational learning

Question 13

Social comparison social

Answer 13

We all have a drive to gain accurate self evaluations by comparing ourselves to others. Our identity will be shaped by these comparisons and the types of reference groups we have

Reference groups

Question 14

Reference groups

Answer 14

Influence us, identify with, or compare ourself with

Question 15

Social comparison theory vs social learning theory

Answer 15

Comparing ourselves vs learning from others

Question 16

Role taking

Answer 16

The ability to understand the cognitive and affective aspects of another persons point of view:

also know as social perspective taking

Question 17

Robert selmans stages of development in Role Taking

Answer 17

Cognitive development occurs during childhood, children are better able to understand the feelings and perspectives of others

0: Egocentric role (3-6 age)
1: Subjective role (6-8 age)
2: Self reflective role (8-10 age)
3: Mutual role taking (10-12 age)
4: Societal role taking (12-15+ age)

Question 18

Moral identity

Answer 18

The degree to which being a moral person is important to a persons identity

Question 19

Lawrence Kohlberg moral identity stages

Answer 19

Preconventional

• children
• punishment and obedience
• self interest

Conventional

• adolescents and adults
• conformity and interpersonal accord
• authority and social order

Post conventional

• only 15% of the adult population
• self contract
• universal principles

Question 20

Deindividuation

Answer 20

In situations where there is a high degree of arousal and low degree of personal responsibility, we may lose our sense of restraint and our individual identity, thereby aligning our behaviour with the group

Question 21

Bystander effect

Answer 21

Most people are less likely to help a victim when other people are present

Question 22

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 22

Occurs when responsibility to intervene in a crisis is inversely related to the number of people present

Question 23

Social facilitation effect

Answer 23

Tendency of performance to improve for simple, well-ingrained tasks. Social facilitation tends to not occur for novel, complex tasks

Question 24

Social loafing

Answer 24

When people work in a group, each person is likely to exert less individual effort then if they were working independently

Question 25

Peer pressure

Answer 25

Refers to situations in which individuals feels directly or indirectly pressured to change their behaviour to match that of their peers

Question 26

Peer groups

Answer 26

Are social groups whose members are close in age and share interests etc Help children learn to form relationships and are typically most influential during adolescents

Question 27

Group think

Answer 27

When desire to achieve harmony and reach a consensus decision causes groups to not critically evaluate alternative viewpoints and leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision making

Question 28

Group think is more likely to occur when

Answer 28

- the group is overly optimistic and strongly believes in its stance - the group justifies its own decisions and demonizes those of its opponents - dissenting opinions information and facts are prevented from Permeating the group (mind guarding) - individuals feel pressured to censor their own opinions in favour of the perceived consensus which creates an illusion of group unanimity

Question 29

Group polarization

Answer 29

When group agreement causes the preexisting views of group members to intensify - that is, the average view of a member of the group is accentuated or moved toward ONE pole Group polarization is NOT when a group becomes more divided on a topic

Question 30

Conformity

Answer 30

When individuals adjust their behaviour or thinking based on the behaviour or thinking of others

Question 31

Obedience

Answer 31

When individuals yield to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure

Question 32

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 32

Occurs when an individual unknowingly and unintentionally causes soemthing to happen, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to happen, or when an individual unwittingly confirms a stereotype about themselves A false definition of the situation that evokes a new behaviour which makes the original false conception come true. This specious validity of the self fulfilling prophecy perpetuates the error

Question 33

Stereotype threat

Answer 33

When people are in situations where they are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their own social group Negative stereotypes - group members are likely to become anxious about their performance, which may hinder their ability to perform at their maximum level Stereotype boast - occurs when people perform better than they otherwise would have, because of exposure to positive stereotypes about their social group

Question 34

What do we attribute behaviour to

Answer 34

Dispositional attribution - internal causes Situational attribution - external causes

Question 35

What is fundamental attribution error

Answer 35

When we attribute another persons behaviour to their personality, we commit the fundamental attribution error - internal

Question 36

What is the actor/observer bias

Answer 36

When we attribute our own actions to the situation, we demonstrate the actor/observer bias

Question 37

Self serving bias

Answer 37

When we attribute the our successes to ourselves but our failures to other we exhibit the self serving bias

Question 38

Optimism bias

Answer 38

When we believe that bad things happen to other people but not to ourselves we are subject to optimism bias

Question 39

Just world belief

Answer 39

When we believe that bad things happen to others because of their own actions we manifest the just world belief

Question 40

Stereotype threat

Answer 40

When people are in situations where they are at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their own social group

Question 41

Negative vs positive stereotypes

Answer 41

Negative stereotypes - group members are likely to become anxious about their performance which may hinder their ability to perform at their maximum level Positive stereotypes - stereotype boost occurs when people perform better than they otherwise would have because of exposure to positive stereotypes about their social groups

Question 42

What does the elaboration likelihood model proposes two cognitive routes of persuasion

Answer 42

Central route - people are persuaded by the content of the argument itself Peripheral route - people focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the orator, like the attractiveness of the orator, the length of the speech, whether the orator is considered an expert in his field

Question 43

What is the foot in the door technique

Answer 43

This technique involves asking for a small request first then a much larger request next; after an individual complies with a small request they are more likely to then comply with a larger second request

Question 44

What is the door in the face technique

Answer 44

This technique involves asking for a large request first then a much smaller request an individual who has first shot down a large request is more likely to comply with a much smaller second request

Question 45

What is the low ball technique

Answer 45

Getting someone to agree to something at a low cost than increasing the cost

Question 46

What is the ingratiation technique

Answer 46

Gaining compliance by gaining personal approval from an individual first

Question 47

What is the norm of reciprocity

Answer 47

We are more likely to comply with a request from someone who has done us a favour in the past

Question 48

Who is Mary Ainsworth

Answer 48

Conducted a series of experiments called the strange situation experiments where mothers would temporarily leave their toddlers in a playroom with an unfamiliar person

Question 49

What are the two attachment styles

Answer 49

Securely attached - toddlers happily explore their surroundings while mother is present cry when she leaves but are quickly consoled upon her return - Have sensitive and responsive caregivers Insecurely attached - toddlers demonstrate several profiles - ambivalent attachment = cry’s and cant be consoled, cling and push away - avoidant attachment = indifference - disorganized attachment = toddler cannot predict mother’s behaviour